Wilberomous

=Alexis Roy, and Afton McAfee=

Female pig below

Male pig below

This picture above is showing the eye flap being open on our pig.







Yes both sexes have mammary papillae, the females mammary papillae are connected to the mammary glands or later on in life when they reproduce and give birth. therefore the piglets suck on these for nutrient rich milk. The males mammary papillae are on the male pig mainly just for show they have no use on the male pig or piglet. On our fetal pig there are 14 mammary papillae. The function of the umbilical vein is to deliver oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. The function of the umbilical arteries, before birth, it caries blood (fetal) to the placenta, and after birth, it just becomes a fiberous thread. The forelimb of a pig and a human are alike because they both have wrists and elbows. They are different because we have five fingers and pigs have four toes. The hind limb of a human and a pig are alike because we both have knees, and ankles. They are different because we can walk on both of our feet and they have to walk on all four. The differences of an external anatomy of a clam is that they live between two shells, or valve, and a starfish, crayfish, and a pig do not. The external anatomy of a starfish is different form the rest because it has eyespots, and madreporite. Clams, Crayfish, Starfish, and Pigs all have a thing in common which is that they all have an abdomen.



The crayfish has antennaes, a tail fan a cheliped and more, as a starfish, clam or a pig do not have. The above picture is found on the website below http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/invertebrates/crustacean/label/crayfish/labelanswers.shtml

Urogenital

The skin of the pig is not real thick, it is actually pretty thin. The Cutaneous Maximus is what attaches the skin to the body of the pig. The esophagus is located by the back of the neck and the hole in the esophagus is called the gullet which is the passage between the pharynx and the stomach. The glottis is the vocal apparatus of the larynx, and is the true vocal folds and the space between them where the voice tone is generated. The epiglottis is the flap covering the glottis, or the a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing.

=Functions of the pig= The Salivary Glands produce saliva. The esophagus transports bolus of food. The trachea transports air from the larynx to the bronchi. The vocal cords produce sound. The liver produces bile, and detoxifying poisons. The Gallbladder produces bile which breaks down fat. The stomach receives food from the esophagus and digestion. The Duodenum completes chemical digestion. The spleen filters blood, removing red blood cells. The Large intestine reabsorbs water and ions.

=Glossary=

Lateral View- side view

Ventral View- abdomen view

Dorsal- upper surface of an animal or the back

Ventral- toward or on the belly

Anterior- near the head or on the front plane of the body

Posterior- buttocks

Pelvic- Hip Bone

Head- part of the body that holds in the brain

Trunk- torso

Thorax- between the head and the abdomen

Abdomen- Belly

Medial- Right and left halves

Caudal- tail

Cranial- cranium

Umbilical Cord- cordlike structure that attaches the unborn child to the mother

Mammary Papillae- Nipple

Proximal- midline of the body

Distal- farthest point of attachment or origin

Lateral- side part of the body

Left- being on the side of the body to the north when the subject is facing east

Right- being the side of the body which is away from the side on which the heart is mostly located

Pinnae- ear

Eye- An organ of vision or of light sevsitivity

Nictitating Membrane- A transparent inner eyelid

Eyelids- two folds of skin and muscle that can be closed over the exposed portion of the eyeball

Urogenital Opening- Where waste products of the body and reproductive fluids are expelled to the environment outside of the body cavity

Urogenital Papillae- Is a structure that is located ventral to the anus in female pigs. It allows the female pig to urinate, or remove fluid wasted from the body

Anus- The excretory opening at eh end of the alimentary canal

Scrotal Sacs- It is part of the male’s external genitals. The scrotum is a thin-walled, soft, muscular pouch underneath the penis containing two compartments to hold the testicles.

Artery- A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body

Vein- A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart

Ankle- A gliding joint between the distal ends of the tibia and the fibula and the proximal end of the talus

Knee- Hinge joint in the human leg connecting the tibia and fibula with the femur and protected in front by the patella

Wrist- A joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones

Elbow- Hinge joint between the forearm and upper arm and the corresponding joint in the forelimb of a quadruped

Toe- One of the digits of a vertebrate

Epiglottis- A flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing

Glottis- The vocal apparatus of the larynx; the true vocal folds and the space between them where the voice tone is generated.

Gullet- esophagus; the passage between the pharynx and the stomach

Nasopharnyx- cavity forming the upper part of the pharynx

Soft palate- a muscular flap that closes off the nasoparynx during swallowing or speaking

Hard palate- the bony part of the roof of the mouth

Nare- Nose

Tongue – a mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane and located in the oral cavity

Taste buds- small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis

Vestibule- any of various bodily cavities leading to another cavity (as of the ear or vagina)

Uvula- A small pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the soft palate

Skin- It is a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch, and it is the largest organ of your body

Cutaneous maximus- It is a muscle that originates in the region of the armpit and the outer surface of the latissumus dorsi muscle

Fatty tissue- is a adipose tissue, and a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy, it also cushions and insulates vital organs

Taste buds- are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis that provide information about the taste of food being eaten.

Cardiac- of or relating to the heart, an example is cardiac arrest.

Smooth- It is something free from roughness, bumps, ridges, or irregularities.

Joint- the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton

Extensor-a skeletal muscle whose contraction extends or stretches a body part

Flexor-a skeletal muscle whose contraction bends a joint

Origin-the place where something begins

Insertion-a message that is introduced or inserted

Belly-the region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis

Tendon-the region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis

Fascia- band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs

Antagonistic pairs- Muscles having opposite functions, the contraction of one neutralizing the contraction of the other.

Adductor- Is a muscle that draws a body part toward the median line

Abductor- a muscle that draws a body part away from the median line

External oblique- It is the largest and the most superficial of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen.

Internal oblique- Is the intermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and right above the transverse abdominal muscle.

Transversus- It is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is just deep to the internal oblique muscle.

Kidney- Either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes form the blood and excrete them and water in urine.

Urinary-Relating to the function or production or secretion of urine.

Ureter- Pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Urethra- Duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital.

Ovary- One of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone.

Oviduct- A duct through which an ovum passes from an ovary to the uterus or to the exterior.

Uterus- A hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females; contains the developing fetus.

Uterine horn- Are the points where the uterus and the uterine tubes meet.

Cervix-It is the neck or the part of an organism that connects the head to the rest of the body.

Birth Canal-A passage in the uterus and vagina through which a fetus passes during vaginal birth.

Testis- 1 of the 2 male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens.

Vas Deferens- A duct that carries spermatozoa form the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

Epididymis- A convolted tubule in each testis; carries sperm to vas deferens

Seminal Vesicles- It is a pair of simple tubular glands posreroinferior to the urinary bladder of males.

Prostate- It is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals.

Scrotum- The external pouch that contains the testes.

Cortex- The tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plants or animals.

Medulla- The inner part of an organ or structure in plants or animals.







This picture above is of the two major muscles that make the shoulder move. This picture above is the muscles that move the hp.

















a AA

The fetal pig's liver has five lobes. The right central, the left central, left lateral, and a small caudate lobe. The caudate lobe is posterior to the right lateral lobe. The relationship between the liver and the gallbladder is that the gallbladder is attached to the liver and the gallbladder stores bile until it is needed for digestion. The difference of the pig's colon and a humans is that the humans is shaped like a "u" and the pigs is the large intestine and is in a big ball like structure. The three parts of the small intestines are duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates. This precedes the jejunum and il and ileum and is the shortest part of the small intestines, where most chemical digestion takes place. The jejunum is the next portion of the small intestine, and it has a lining which is specialized in the absorption of carbohydrates and proteins. The ileum is the last portion of the small intestine, and it is responsible for absorption of fats, and bile salts which are a components of bile.

There are 3 lobes in the right lung, and 2 lobes in the left lung. There name for the right lung are, superior, middle, inferior. The names for the left lung are, superior, and inferior, or the lingual.





we only found two vocal cords.

=Circulatory Work= 6. The left ventricle has the greatest mass. 7. The pulmonary artery is connected to the right ventricle. 8. The aorta is connected to the left ventricle. 9. The largest artery in the body and that contains blood under the greatest pressure is the aorta. 10. The difference between an artery and a vein is that a vein is a blood vessel through which blood flows form the rest of the body TOWARDS the heart. An artery is also a blood vessel through which blood flow, but it flows AWAY FROM the heart and into the rest of the body. Another difference is that the walls of a vein are very thin and the walls of an artery are very thick and muscular.







=Urogenital System Work= The reproductive and excretory systems are studied together because the excretory system is not really a system to itself because many systems of the body contribute to excretion. To get rid of the waste materials which can prove harmful to the body if stored. The purpose of the reproductive system is the continuation of the species. The terms in 1 and 4 belong to the excretory system. The terms in 2 and 3 belong to the reproductive system. The adrenal gland is responsible for releasing hormones in conjuction with stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine), respectively. The gland belongs to the endocrine system.