Tanner

toc =Drew and Taylor= Muscles

=External Anatomy= 1.

2. =Glossary of External Anatomy=

Dorsal- back view Ventral- stomach view Anterior- front of the pig Posterior- back of the pig Pectoral- of, in, on, or pertaining to chest or breast Pelvic- relating to pelvis, structure that supports lower-limbs Head- contains brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth Trunk- the snout or nose Thorax- division of animal’s body that lies between the head and abdomen; extends from neck to the diaphragm; does not include the upper limbs Abdomen- part of the body between chest and pelvis Medial- where the pig is cut directly in half on the stomach and back Caudal- tail Cranial- skull Umbilical cord- connecting cord from the fetus to the placenta Mammary papillae- small nipple-shaped projection or elevation Proximal- where the appendage joins the body Distal- end of a bone or muscle Lateral- extending from side to side Left- when facing north, this is west Right- when facing north this is east Pinnae- outer part of ear Eye- organ that detects light Nictitating membrane- transparent inner eyelid Eyelids- thin fold of skin that covers and protects the eye Artery- blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Vein- blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart Ankle- place where foot and leg meet Knee- joins the thigh with the leg Wrist- place where arm and hand meet Elbow- hinge joint in middle of arm Toe- the digits of the foot

Female Pig Urogenital opening- where waste products and reproductive fluids are expelled Urogenital papillae- structure located ventral to the anus in female pig Anus- opening that expels waste

Male Pig Urogenital opening- where waste products and reproductive fluids are expelled Scrotal sacs- muscular patch that holds testicals

=External Anatomy Questions=

7. The umbilical arteries are blue and transport deoxygenated blood back to the mother from the baby, and the umbilical veins are red and carry oxygenated blood from the mom to the baby.

8. Yes, both sexes have mammary papillae, but males really don’t have a use for them. Females have them connected to the mammary glands so piglets can suck out milk from them.

9. There are fourteen mammary papillae on the fetal pig.

10. Human and pig forelimbs and hind limbs are similar because of their similar joints. However, all four of a pig's limbs are used for walking on four legs while human's hind limbs are used for walking and human's forelimbs are used for numerous actions like opening and holding objects.

=Mouth Anatomy=





=Glossary of Mouth Anatomy=

Epiglottis – a flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucus membrane that guards the trachea while swallowing so food does not enter the lungs

Glottis – the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds, which helps in sound production

Gullet – also known as esophagus; an organ, which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes through to the stomach

Nasopharnyx – part of the pharanyx (area at the back of the throat), which connects with the nasal passages

Soft palate – has no bone, soft tissue on roof of the mouth, closes the nasal passages and protects them during sneezing or swallowing, closes off airway when necessary

Hard palate – contains bone, interaction with tongue essential in certain sounds and speech

Nare – nostril; used to warm air when inhaling and remove moisture when exhaling

Tongue – muscle in the mouth used to manipulate food for chewing and swallowing, the main organ of taste; helps with speech and sound

Taste buds – provides information about the taste of food being eaten

Vestibule – space between the cheek, lips, and teeth

Uvula – soft tissue hanging from the soft palate; helps with speech and sound; if touched it can cause gag reflexes; has a part in snoring

=Mouth Anatomy Questions=

3a. All three of these structures are located at the exit of the mouth and the beginning of the digestive system. The epiglottis is a small flap that covers the trachea when swallowing, the glottis is vocal folds around the gullet that help with sound production, and the gullet, or esophagus, is where the food goes down into the stomach.

3b. The tongue helps maneuver food for chewing and swallowing. The taste buds help for chewing and are in multiple places. The taste buds in the front are for salty tastes, the taste buds in the back are for bitter tastes, and the taste buds on the back sides are for sour tastes.

4. Both jaws in the pig have teeth; they begin erupting before birth.

=Mouth Anatomy Chart=

=Skinning=
 * Structure || Description || Function ||
 * Parotid Gland || Largest of the salivary glands || Secretes sailva into the mouth to help swallow ||
 * Submaxillary Gland || Salivary gland beneath the floor of the mouth || Aids in breaking down starches; secretes saliva when swallowing ||
 * Wharton's Duct || A 5cm salivary duct || Drains saliva from the glands to the base of the tongue ||

=Skinning Questions=

2. The pig's skin is about 2mm thick.

3. The cutaneous maximus connects the skin to the body with the help of some other connective tissue.

4. The function of the pig's skin is to prevent fluid loss and protect the muscles.

=Muscles=

=Muscle Chart #1=

darker than striated, may be branched || Contractions of the heart, causes the heart to beat || Heart || movements in areas like the intestines and stomach || Muscles on the inside wall of the stomach, intestines, and many others || lighter than cardiac, || Cause the co-ordinated movement of limbs and support the skeleton || Biceps and Triceps ||
 * Muscle Type || Description || Function || Example ||
 * Cardiac || Cross striations,
 * Smooth || Unstriated, unlike the other two || Performs involuntary
 * Striated || Linear and longitudinal striations,

=Glossary for Muscles=

Joint- the location at which two or more bones make contact

Extensor- muscle that straightens a joint; increases the extension of a limb

Flexor- muscle that bends a joint when contracted; decreases the extension of a limb

Origin- the point where a muscle attaches with a relatively fixed bone

Insertion- the point where a muscle attaches to a moving bone

Belly- fleshy central part of a muscle

Tendon- tough band of fibrous tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension

Fascia- tissue that located from head to toe which surrounds muscles and separates them

Antagonistic pairs- muscles that work opposite of each other; extending and flexing

Adductor- muscle that brings a limb closer to the body

Abductor- muscle that moves a limb away from the body

=Muscle Pictures=

=Abdominal Muscles=

=Circular Muscle= This muscle is the masseter.

=Antagonistic Muscles=

=Shoulder Muscles=

=Hip Muscles=

=Adductor Muscle=

=Abductor Muscle= =Muscle Chart #2=


 * Muscle || Origin || Insertion || Function ||
 * Spinodeltoid || Scapula || Humerus || Raises the humerus in unison with the acromiodeltoid ||
 * Acromiodeltoid || Scapula || Humerus || Raises the humerus ||
 * Semimembranosus || Iscial tuberosis || Femur and tibia || Extend the hip and adduct the hind limb ||
 * Semitendinosus || Caudal vertebrae and Ilium || Tibia, fascia, and calcaneous || Flexes knee and extends hip joint ||
 * Tensor Fasciae Latae || Ilium || Near the knee and over the tibia || Flex the hip and extend the knee; tenses the fascia lata ||
 * Latissimus Dorsi || Dorsal Surface || Humerus || Aids in shoulder movement ||
 * Biceps Brachii || Scapula || Radius and Ulna || Primary flexor of the lower foreleg ||
 * External Oblique || Posterior ribs || Aponeurosis || Covers the abdominal surface ||
 * Gluteus Medius || Fascia || Femur || Extend hip and adduct hind limb ||
 * Gluteus Maximus || last sacral and first caudal vertebrae || Fascia lata || Abductor of the thigh ||
 * Gastrocnemius || Femur || Calcaneous || Extensor of the ankle ||
 * Triceps Brachii || Scapula || Ulna || Extends forelimbs ||

=Digestive System=

=Upper Digestive System=









=Lower Digestive System=

=Digestive Chart #1=
 * **Structure** || **Description** || **Function** ||
 * **Liver** || A rather large brown organ in the abdomen that covers the stomach || Produces bile for digestion ||
 * **Gall Bladder** || Sac structure attached to the liver || Stores bile ||
 * **Esophagus** || Long pipe dorsal to the trachea; runs through the body || Transport food from the mouth to the stomach ||
 * **Pancreas** || Gland-like structure that is a different color from the other intestines || Produces certain hormones the body needs ||
 * **Mesentery** || An almost clear, plastic-looking structure || Keeps the intestines separated form the rest of the abdomen; also, partially protects them ||
 * **Colon** || The large intestine; practically a large thick tube || Extracts water from solid waste that will be exiting the body; also, extracts salt ||
 * **Anus** || Opening of the digestive system on the posterior side of the pig || Provides an exit for the waste the body couldn't digest ||
 * **Spleen** || Dark-colored organ on the left side of the abdominal cavity || Removes old red blood cells from the blood stream. It also removes, stores, and produces white blood cells. ||
 * **Small Intestine** || A very long, winding tube || Carries partially digested food to the colon, and it also does some digestion itself ||
 * **Rectum** || The lower, near-end part of the colon. || Stores feces before it is released out of the anus ||

=Digestive Chart #2=
 * **Structure** || **Description** || **Function** ||
 * **Mucosa** || Moist tissue that lines some organs and body cavities || Releases Mucus ||
 * **Villi** || Finger-like projections commonly in the small intestine || Increases the absorptive capacity of the intestine ||
 * **Lumen** || The inside of a tubular structure || Allow smooth flow for air and blood ||
 * **Rugae** || Ridges produces by the folding of an organ wall || Allows the stomach to expand and contract to hold a higher or lower volume of food and liquid ||
 * **Meconium** || Earliest feces of an infant that is like tar with no odor || Gets rid of materials ingested while the pig was in the womb ||

=Digestive Questions=

5. The pig's liver is divided into five lobes with three on the left and two on the right. They are the left lateral, left central. right lateral, right central, and caudate.

6. The liver produces bile while the gull bladder hold that bile for future use.

7. The three parts of the small intestine are the duodenum, which is where food is broken down, the jejunum, which is where food is chemically broken down more and partially absorbed, and finally the ileum, which is where the last of the nutrient absorbing occurs.

8.The human's colon is shaped like an upside-down U and the pig's colon is in a spiral, which is very different from the human's.

=Respiratory System=





=Respiratory Chart=


 * **Structure** || **Description** || **Function** ||
 * **Trachea** || A long tube in the throat with rings of cartilage || Allows air to pass to the bronchial tubes ||
 * **Bronchial Tubes** || Long tubes connected to the trachea and lungs || Separate and transfer air between the trachea and lungs ||
 * **Lobes of Lungs** || Hard, pink, and firm lobes || Contain the alveoli ||
 * **Larynx** || Firm structure in the throat surrounded by muscle and cartilage || Contains the vocal cords ||
 * **Alveoli** || Air sacs located in the lungs || Oxygen exchange takes place within this structure ||

=Respiratory Questions=

4. There are four lobes in the right lung; they are the apical, cardiac, diaphragmatic, and intermediate. The left lung has three lobes, the apical, cardiac, and diaphragmatic.

5. We found two vocal cords inside our pig's larynx, as did everyone else.

=Circulatory System=


 * Dorsal**




 * Ventral**




 * Cross Section**




 * Cross Section #2**

== =Circulatory Questions= 6. The left ventricle has the greatest muscle mass.

7. The pulmonary artery is connected to the right ventricle.

8. The left ventricle is where the aorta is connected to.

9. The largest artery in the body that contains blood under the greatest pressure is the aorta.

10. They are different because arteries take blood away from the heart and veins bring blood to the heart.

=Circulatory Chart=


 * **Vessel** || **Target Area** ||
 * **Pulmonary** || Lungs ||
 * **Coronary** || Heart ||
 * **Jugular** || Head ||
 * **Umbilical** || The growing fetus while in the womb ||
 * **Renal** || Kidneys ||
 * **Carotid** || Head and Neck ||
 * **Thoracic** || Chest; breasts and pecs ||
 * **Iliac** || Lower limb; includes the pelvic girdle, buttocks, hip, and thigh ||

=Urogenital System=


 * Generic Urogenital**




 * Female Urogenital**






 * Male Urogenital**




 * Kidney Picture**

== = = =Urogenital Glossary=


 * Kidney** - Maintains liquid balance and homeostasis; excretes wastes as urine
 * Urinary Bladder -** Stores urine before it is excreted
 * Ureter -** Carry urine from the kidney to the bladder
 * Urethra -** Transports urine from the bladder to an external hole
 * Ovary -** Produce and then hold eggs, and secrete hormones
 * Oviduct -** Transports the egg from the ovaries to the uterus
 * Uterus -** Accepts a fertilized ovum, which will later become an embryo, fetus, and, eventually, a newborn
 * Uterine Horn -** Connects the uterine tubes to the uterus
 * Cervix -** Allow flow of menstrual blood to exit and sperm to enter; thins out for birth
 * Birth Canal -** Allows the offspring to exit the placenta's body
 * Testis -** Production of sperm and hormones in males
 * Vas Deferens -** Transports sperm from the epididymis to urethra
 * Epididymis -** Stores sperm until needed for ejaculation
 * Seminal Vesicles -** Secretes fluids that become semen
 * Prostrate -** secretes a milky or white fluid that is slightly alkaline for the transfer of sperm to the female
 * Scrotum -** Keeps the testes at a slightly lower temperature than the rest of the body
 * Cortex -** Outermost part of the kidney; filters blood
 * Medulla -** inside part of the kidney; controls the amount of salt and water in your blood and urine

=Urogenital Questions= 6. The excretory system and reproductive system are studied together because they share many organs.

7. The main purpose of the excretory system is to get rid of wastes and maintain a stable level of water to aid in maintaining homeostasis.

8. The main purpose of the reproductive system is similar to ours, to pass on genetics and keep the species going.

9. Liquid waste goes from the stomach to the kidneys, through the ureters, down the urethra, and out of the body.

10. Eggs are kept in the ovaries, transported through the fallopian tubes, down the uterus, down the cervix, and out of the vagina.

11. Sperm is made in the testes, held in the epididymis, sent through the vas deferens, travels through the urethra, and exits the penis.

12. The terms in numbers 1 and 4 belong to the excretory system of the pig.

13. The terms in numbers 2 and 3 belong to the reproductive system of the pig.

14. The adrenal gland is a star-shaped endocrine gland on top of the kidneys that produces hormones including cortisol and adrenaline. It belongs to the reproductive and endocrine systems.