Jon+S.

== =flat= =Weslee= =[|My Blog]= = = =About Me=

I love sports mostly football and track & field. I am a defensive end and offensive tackle in football and i am a sprinter for the 100m and 200m dashes as well as the 4x1 relay team in track & field and i am on the 4x1 relay.i love music and could not live without it. I am a fun loving guy, i have 2 brothers both younger and a dog named Charlie. I am currently in 10th grade at PAHS. My Uncle races for Smeal Racing and drives the #44 Street Stock Chevy.

=**Flowering Crab Apple**=


 * 1) //Name//
 * 2) Flowering Crab Apple
 * 3) //scientific name//
 * 4) __//Malus halliana var. parkmanii//__
 * 5) //Organism that infects tree//
 * 6) Aphids
 * 7) Borers
 * 8) Spider Mites
 * 9) //Provides habitat or food for...//
 * 10) birds, insects, and small mammals
 * 11) //Justify classification of tree to related trees - create classification scheme as a class, identify related species//
 * 12) Apple Trees
 * 13) //Commercial use of tree//
 * 14) Apples used for jellies and jams
 * 15) //Twig characteristics//
 * 16) Colors range from green to yellow and a reddish brown when young
 * 17) //Where tree is found in the world (native to pa?)//
 * 18) Not native to Pennsylvania mostly found in Colorado and neighboring states
 * 19) //Leaf Type//
 * 20) Simple
 * 21) //Leaf Arrangement//
 * 22) Alternate
 * 23) //Deciduous or Coniferous//
 * 24) Deciduous

Information from: http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/07424.html

Tree Common Name: Crab Apple Deciduous or Coniferous: Deciduous Leaf Type: Simple Leaf Arrangement: Alternate Commercial Use: Apples used for jams and jellies Provides Habitat for…: Insects such as bees and to chipmunks Organism(s) that infects tree?: Aphid, Borers, and Spider Mites Provides food for…: Deer, bear, and other woodland animals Native to PA?: No, native to Colorado but also found in Pennsylvania Other Info: =Chestnut=
 * 1) //Name//
 * 2) Chestnut
 * 3) //Scientific name//
 * 4) //__Fagaceae Castanea__//
 * 5) //Organism that infects tree//
 * 6) Grey squirrels stripping bark off the tree//.//
 * 7) The larva of the polyfag moth damage foliage
 * 8) The most frequent pest is the winter moth
 * 9) //Provides habitat or food for..//.
 * 10) Birds
 * 11) Small mammals
 * 12) Insects
 * 13) //Justify classification of tree to related trees - create classification scheme as a class, identify related species//
 * 14) Oak
 * 15) Beech
 * 16) //Commercial use of tree//
 * 17) fruit can be eaten raw but can also be roasted.
 * 18) Chestnuts can be dried and milled into flower used for pastries.
 * 19) sugar can be made from the fermentation of the juice.
 * 20) Lumber used for commercial building
 * 21) //Twig characteristics//
 * 22) Maroon or red-brown color
 * 23) //Where tree is found in the world (native to pa?)//
 * 24) Native to the Appalachian Mountains
 * 25) //Leaf Type//
 * 26) Compound
 * 27) //Leaf Arrangement//
 * 28) Alternate
 * 29) //Deciduous or Coniferous//
 * 30) //Deciduous//

Information and Images from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut

Tree Common Name: Chestnut Deciduous or Coniferous: Deciduous Leaf Type: Compound Leaf Arrangement: Alternate Commercial Use: Lumber used for building and nuts used for food Provides Habitat for…: Birds, small mammals, and insects Organism(s) that infects tree?: winter moth, gray squirrels, polyfag moth larva Provides food for…: Small mammals, birds, humans Native to PA?: Mostly native to Appalachian Mountains Other Info: Closely related to the Oak and Beech trees

=Anatomy=

media type="custom" key="4430033" [|www.diytrade.com/china/ 4/leads/4656575/human_...]

=Create an Organism=



=Catalace Activity=



Discuss your results from the activity, discuss your analysis of the activity from the spreadsheet (what did you learn, what was surprising, what connections can you make between temperature and enzyme activity and the presence of catalase in certain foods?)

In the activity the potato had little to no reaction to the hydrogen peroxide in both the cold and room temperature tests. The only test that showed much of anything was the warm temperature test which still did not show much of a reaction. We learned that a potato has no catalace enzymes other than the warm hydrogen peroxide reaction where there a very minute reaction. Surprisingly there was a reaction with the warm temperature test, i had expected nothing to happen much like the other tests. From what i can connect, the higher the temperature will cause the enzymes to be more active like it does for all molecules, heat causes the molecules to move more quickly and will show more of a reaction.

Develop a question about the catalase activity. Create a quality question about enzymes or enzyme action, etc. Either research to find the answer or use available materials to experiment to find the answer. If you research, list your sources. If you experiment, outline your experiment and explain your results

Catalace is only one type of enzymes found in food, what other types of enzymes are found in different kinds of foods?

Enzymes are mostly proteins that are used to make bodily reactions faster. With enzymes it allows for certain reactions to occur at a faster rate than usual, an example would be the break down of sugar. Sugar without any help will take hundreds of years to break down, our bodies would not survive if it took hundreds of years to obtain sugar needed to make energy.

[] (other information discussed in class)

=Biomolecules lab=











=Bio molecules web quest=

A 1. Explain how heat affects the rate of reaction. a. Heat causes the molecules to move at a faster rate 2. Explain how surface area affects the rate of reaction. a. More surface the faster the reaction 3. Explain how concentration affects the rate of reaction. a. The higher the concentration increases the chances of the collision to be effective
 * Bio molecules Web quest: **

B. Go to the following site: 1. What types of molecules make up enzymes? a. Proteins 2. What determines the function of an enzyme? a. Substrate i. Lower energy needed for reaction 1. Activation energy- energy needed to do the reaction 3. What is denaturing? a. High temperatures cause the molecule to change shape b. PH also will denature a molecule 4. Describe how a reaction takes place without an enzyme and then with an enzyme. a. Without its slow, with its more quickly and efficient 5. Explain how you think an enzyme might speed up a reaction. a. It causes the molecules to react quicker with certain things 6. Explain why you think enzymes are so particular about reactions. a. The shape can change how the reaction occurs 7. How is the shape of an enzyme important? a. If the shape changes the entire enzyme changes and as well as its function, and how molecules react to it. 8. Explain how you know an enzyme is reusable. a. The enzyme doesn’t change unless its denatured b. It’s a catalace and never is destroyed 9. How does heating an enzyme affect its function? a. Denatures it 10. Does heating an enzyme always have the same effect when the catalyst needs to act on a substance? Explain. a. Yes, the same thing happens to all proteins

C. 1. Explain the difference between hydrolysis and condensation (dehydration). a. Hydrolysis adds a water molecule and dehydration looses one i. Hydrolysis break down ii. Condensation combine 2. Which molecules from our labs undergo these reactions? a. All biomolecules and undergo these reactions

D 1. What are proteins made of? 1. Amino acids 2. How many amino acids are there? 1. 20 1. only 12 are essential (food) 2. other 8 body can make 3. What chemical process creates the proteins? 1. Condensation or dehydration synthesis 4. 2 functional groups 1. carboxyl groups E.

1. Describe step by step how your body breaks down carbohydrates. Make sure to specify the function of each organ during the steps.

F. How is fat digested? How is this different from carbohydrates? Be sure to discuss the organs, substances, and enzyme responsible. a. Fat is used as an energy source only after carbs are used up. b .Energy is stored in bonds and used to pack on fat.

G. How do heart attacks occur? a. Plaque builds up in the arteries of the heart.

=Light Intensity=




 * Homework: ** Create a data table that outlines % maximal ATP, ATP created in your time frame used, light intensity, and wavelength. You can also take screen shots while it is in action and display your data in a graph or other ways if desired.

Research background information about - is the amount of light that is absorbed (angle determines the intensity) Explain the following: =** Photosynthesis webquest **=
 * light intensity
 * wavelength and energy- wavelength are the colors given off by white light when it hits an object
 * pigment color- the pigment shows what color the object doesn't need
 * Green- chlorophyll (plants)
 * Yellow- Xanthophyll
 * Brown- Tannin
 * Red- Carotene
 * how wavelength and light intensity is important for photosynthesis. Be certain to completely relate these to the light reaction and what you observed in the simulation.
 * -Wavelength is actually just the amount of colors of light that an object absorbs and what it reflects back.
 * A summary of what you learned through the simulation. You can discuss using paragraphs, data tables or pictures (include a brief statement as well).
 * -With our simulations the higher the light intensity there is the higher the number of ATP’s produced.

Photosynthesis is considered by many to be the most important process to occur on earth. To learn about photosynthesis, complete the "Photosynthesis Webquest" (Each team member needs to complete the webquest on their own web page). Visit [|www.ftexploring.com] then use the photosynthesis links to answer the following questions.

1. What is photosynthesis? Is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar

2. What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis? List 3 groups. plants, bacteria, and protistants

3. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What is the translation for the chemical equation?

6-H2O + 6-CO2 --> C6H12O6+ 6-O2 six molecules of water plus six molecules of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen

4. Look at your equation in number 3 and answer the following questions: a. What are the raw materials or reactants needed to carry out photosynthesis? water & carbon dioxide b. What are the products of photosynthesis? Glucose & Oxygen

c. What energy source is needed in the reaction? Sun light

5. Consider a plant as the photosynthetic organism. a. In what part of the plant does photosynthesis occur? Leaves b. What specific cells are involved? mesophyll cell

c. What specific organelle is involved? Chloroplast

6. How does the plant get the raw materials needed for photosynthesis to the plant part where photosynthesis occurs? water from roots & gas exchange in leaf (stomata)

7. What is a stoma and of what value is the stoma to the plant in its efforts to carry out photosynthesis? the pore in the leaf, used in gas exchange

8. Explore the organelle that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis. What are found inside the organelle and how do these parts aid in the process of photosynthesis? Chloroplast- thylocoid (light reaction), stroma (surrounds thylocoid & location of dark reaction)

9. What is the first part of photosynthesis called and where does it occur? Light reaction, in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

10. What exactly happens in the first part of photosynthesis? Energy is made into ATP and NADPH. A water molecule gets split and releases oxygen.

11. What is the second part of photosynthesis called and where does it happen? The calvin cycle (light independent reaction/ dark), occurs in the stoma of the chloloplast

12. What happens in the second part of photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide is captured and modified with hydrogen that helps form carbs.

13. Are the two parts of photosynthesis connected? If so, explain the connection. Yes, because of the calven cycle uses ATP and NADPH that get sent over from the light reactions.

14. Does the chemical equation that you listed in number 3 tell the entire story of the process of photosynthesis? Why or why not? No, not all the processes are needed to be shown, such as what kinds of energy are needed for the photosynthesis process.

= Yeast Lab =




 * Analysis: **


 * 1. State 2 clear, concise conclusions derived from the analysis of the results from the experiments in your class.**

With 5% sugar solution, there was the most carbon dioxide put off by the yeast. So, 5% must be just the right amount of sugar to make the yeast produce the most carbon dioxide and be the most efficient. With 3% and 10% sugar solution, the results were not as much as with the yeast with the 5% sugar solution. I think the 3% and 10% sugar solution was too little and too much for the yeast to be productive at releasing carbon dioxide at a consistent rate.


 * 2. What was the dependent and independent variables in the experiment? Explain.**

The dependent variable is the sugar because we manipulated it to change the dependent variables. The independent variable is the amount of carbon dioxide because it is changed because other independent variables are changed.


 * 3. According to the experimental data, what kind of environment do yeast prefer? How did the sugar concentration change the result? Explain.**

They prefer a moist, warm environment. The different sugar concentrations either caused the yeast to produce a lot of carbon dioxide and make the bread rise, or it did not produce a lot of carbon dioxide and the yeast did not make the bread rise a lot. The 5% sugar concentration produced the most carbon dioxide. I know that because that concentration made the balloon expand the most because it was filling up with the most carbon dioxide.


 * 4. How did the amount of rising change with the different types of sugar solutions used?**

With 3% sugar solution, the bread raised the least. With 5% sugar solution, the bread raised the most. With 10% sugar solution, the bread raised a little more than the 3%, but a little less than 5%. 10% should have had the highest rise rate.


 * 5. What kind of respiration did the yeast carry out in the experiment? Explain.**

It carried out anaerobic respiration because after it went through glycolysis, it changed the two pyruvate into ethanol and CO2.

=DNA replication=

Single strand of DNA

DNA "unwinds"

DNA strand is split

DNA is matched with its opposite

2 new DNA strands with one new and one copied

DNA replication is when an organism becomes too large to sustain its current state and splits into

= =

=Cell Portfolio=



=Genetic Variation=


 * GALACTOSEMIA **

What causes this condition? (There are two ways to look at this one - In terms of DNA, what causes the irregularity, and also, what can trigger this genetic change?)

How is it diagnosed? Signs include: · Amino acids in the urine and/or blood plasma (aminoaciduria) · Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) · Fluid in the abdomen ( [|ascites] ) · Low blood sugar ( [|hypoglycemia] )

Who gets this disorder? Discuss percentages, subgroups of people, etc. Is the disorder genetic in nature or is it caused by something environmental?

What are the symptoms of this disorder? The build-up of galactose in the body can cause several severe symptoms: kidney failure, an enlarged liver, cataracts (clouding of the eye lens), poor growth, and mental retardation. · Convulsions · Irritability · Lethargy · Poor feeding (baby refuses to eat formula containing milk) · Poor weight gain · Yellow skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) · Vomiting

Summarize other information that is important. Galactosemia is a rare disorder that affects the body's ability to break down a food sugar called galactose (found in milk and other dairy products).

What level is your disorder? Level 1