Lexie+R.

toc == =[|My Blog]= =About Me=

My name is Lexie, i play soccer for my school. I have been playing for 9 (nine) years. When i grow up i want to be a doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor or an R.N. for a long time now. I want to be a doctor or an R.N. because i like helping people. I still have a few years of school left before i graduate and when I do I am planing to go to Penn State University! I also want to be a Pro soccer player, I have gotten so much better and i am pretty good at what i do. Becoming a doctor or becoming a Pro soccer player are two goals i really want to aclomplish and if i try hard enough i know I can fulfill my dreams!!!!

Honey Locust //Gleditsia triacanthos//

Cankers are the organism that infects the tree Honey locust, Plant bugs and leafhoppers are the pests the infect the tree.
The honey Locust provides food for herbivores such as cattle and horses. Kingdom: Plantae Division: magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabale Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae Tribe: Caesalpinieae The tree that is related to the honey locust is the black locust. This tree has several uses and those are for food, beer, and also uses as an ornamental plant. The characteristics of the twigs are thorny. This tree (honey locust) is a deciduous tree native to eastern North America, it is mostly found in moist soil. It is also found in South Dakota, New Orleans, and central Texas, also as for east as eastern Massachusetts. Its is Native to P.A.

Silver maple //Acer saccharinum// The organism that infects the silver maple is the Asian longhorn beetle. The silver maple provides food for squirrels. Kingdom: Plantae Order: Sapindales Family: Sapindaceae The Red Maple is closely related to the Silver Maple. They are in the same kingdom which is the Plantae and the Red Maple can hybridise with the silver maple. The main uses of this tree is used for a ornamental plant. This trees sap can be used to make a light syrup, and its a kidney and liver ailment. This tree can be found in Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Washington, and a lot more places. The silver maple is native to P. A. Similar to red maple but bruised or scraped bark and has a fetid or foul odor. Image from http://dearkitty.blogsome.com/2009/07/11/

herpetology media type="custom" key="4474875"http://www.hsu.edu/uploadedImages/Biology/black%20rat%20head.jpg

=Create an organism=

=Cat/Dog= I am furry, I am fun to play with, I can chase balls all day, I really like playing with yarn, I eat any food that comes my way except lettuce, I even eat things that are not food, I am a very good runner, I don't really like water, I have big claws, so don't get in my way, I also like clawing at mice, they are a real good treat, I am an indoor pet and I am treated very well.

1. Two clear, concise conclusions derived from the lab data were that the milk, and the egg yoke stayed neutral (1) the whole way through all of the tests. Another conclusion is that the egg white was neutral for the cold and room temp. Hydrogen peroxide but when it came to warm hydrogen peroxide it started to bubble a tiny, tiny bit. 2. The question that I have about enzyme action is, “how does it work? “What are enzymes exactly”? 3. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze, or increase the rates of, chemical reactions. They are also catalysts. And most of them are proteins. Enzymes bind temporarily to one or more of the reactants of the reaction they catalyze. In doing so, they lower the amount of activation energy needed and therefore speed up the reaction. 4.
 * __Catalase Activity Assessment__**

**__Resources listed below__**

[]

[]




 * Food || Warm hydrogen peroxide || Cold hydrogen peroxide || Room temp hydrogen peroxide ||
 * Avocado || 5 || 5 || 5 ||
 * Avocado || 5 || 4 || 4 ||
 * Avocado || 5 || 5 || 5 ||
 * Avocado || 4 || 3 || 5 ||
 * Avocado || 2 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Egg white || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Egg white || 2 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Egg white || 1 || 1 || 2 ||
 * Egg white || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Egg white || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Egg yolk || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Egg yolk || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Egg yolk || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Egg yolk || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Egg yolk || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Milk || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Milk || 2 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Milk || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Milk || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Milk || 1 || 1 || 1 ||
 * Milk || 1 || 1 || 1 ||


 * Timestamp || Food || Presence of simple sugars || Presence of starch || Presence of proteins || Presence of fat ||
 * 2/23/2010 12:17:09 || Egg white || Absent || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * 2/23/2010 12:21:04 || Egg white || Present || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * 2/23/2010 13:28:55 || Egg white || Absent || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * 2/25/2010 11:00:40 || Egg white || Absent || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * 2/25/2010 9:47:52 || Egg white || Absent || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * 2/23/2010 13:18:38 || Avocado || Absent || Absent || Absent || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 12:09:03 || Avocado || Present || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * 2/23/2010 11:58:26 || Avocado || Absent || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 3/1/2010 9:49:35 || Avocado || Absent || Absent || Absent || Present ||
 * 2/25/2010 9:37:09 || Avocado || Absent || Absent || Absent || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 11:56:48 || Egg yolk || Absent || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 13:19:41 || Egg yolk || Present || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 2/25/2010 9:53:52 || Egg yolk || Absent || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 2/25/2010 10:57:22 || Egg yolk || Present || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 12:19:53 || Egg yolk || Present || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * 2/23/2010 12:21:38 || Milk || Absent || Present || Present || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 12:04:49 || Milk || Present || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 2/25/2010 9:39:09 || Milk || Present || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 13:29:46 || Milk || Absent || Present || Present || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 13:15:03 || Milk || Present || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 12:21:38 || Milk || Absent || Present || Present || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 12:04:49 || Milk || Present || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 2/25/2010 9:39:09 || Milk || Present || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 13:29:46 || Milk || Absent || Present || Present || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 13:15:03 || Milk || Present || Absent || Present || Present ||
 * 2/23/2010 13:15:03 || Milk || Present || Absent || Present || Present ||

What other results did you observe in the class that can be used to make a statement of what you have learned?

They kinds of biomolecules that are in each of the food substances I tested were different. For the milk there was a presence of proteins, fat, and simple sugars, but not starch. For the Egg whites there was a presence of proteins, and there were no starch, fat, or simple sugars found in Egg Whites. For the Egg Yolks there was a presence of simple sugars, protein, and fat, but not starch. For the Avocado there was a presence of fat and a little of protein.

Some certain biomolecules have the same catalase reaction. This is because when you for example put warm hydrogen peroxide in the avocado it had a big catalase reaction as well as with the room temperature hydrogen peroxide. Although some do not have the same reaction. For example the reaction between the avocado and the milk have a completely different reaction as far as warm, cold, and room temp. hydrogen peroxide. Also for the egg white, egg yolk, and the milk, they all have about the same reaction to all of the hydrogen peroxides, because none of them react at all.

Other results I observed in the class that can be used to make a statement of what I learned could be when the =**Biomolecule Assessment:**= 5 pts. each for: Answers to questions - 5 pts each:
 * Your chart or graph:**
 * Quality or interesting graph.
 * Graph analyzes well chosen data leading to conclusions.
 * Identifying the biomolecules found in each of the foods/types of foods
 * Discussing the results of the catalase test to the biomolecules identified
 * Statements of what has been learned through the activity/supporting evidence from the activity

=** Biomolecules Webquest: **= = = A. [|http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/cgi-bin/splitwindow.cgi?top=http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/top2.html&link=http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/Animations/rates of reaction.html] · It speeds it up · The more the surface area the rate of reaction will be fast and if it is a tight spot it will be slow. · The concentration make the reaction slower.
 * 1) Explain how heat affects the rate of reaction.
 * 1) Explain how surface area affects the rate of reaction.
 * 1) Explain how concentration affects the rate of reaction.

B. Go to the following site: [] · Protein · The shape of an enzyme (substraight) · High temps. Or extreme pH values may affect the shape of an enzyme molecule and it will also make the enzyme less effective, even useless. · Without an enzyme two simple sugar molecules can combine to form a larger double sugar molecule if they come together at the right angle. With an enzyme simple sugar molecules will fit in, and they are attracted to the enzyme, and when the simple sugar molecules fit against the enzyme, they are oriented properly to react and make a larger molecule. · It might speed up a reaction because they are attracted to the enzyme. · I think enzymes are so particular about reactions because if they don’t help in reaction there wont be a need for enzymes. Also enzymes are specific, meaning each enzyme can only be used for one particular reaction. What it reacts with, the Ph, the temp. so you dont have everythign breaking down in your body. · It is important because if they don’t fit it wont be digested. It determines what kinds of molecules will react with it. · I know it is reusable because enzymes may help to link a group of smaller molecules into a long chain and two subunits fit against the enzyme and form a bond. Then the molecules shift along the enzyme and a new subunit can be attached to the first two and it keep going on. There catalast and catalast cannot be destroyed. · Heating an enzyme will change the shape of it and the molecules wont be able to fit in it anymore. The process cannot be reversed so the enzyme will not work anymore. it does not work it denatures it. · Yes because it will heat it up and each time an enzyme is heated it will change shapes and the molecules will not fit in anymore and it will be useless and will not work anymore.
 * 1) What types of molecules make up enzymes?
 * 1) What determines the function of an enzyme?
 * 1) What is denaturing?
 * 1) Describe how a reaction takes place without an enzyme and then with an enzyme.
 * 1) Explain how you think an enzyme might speed up a reaction.
 * 1) Explain why you think enzymes are so particular about reactions.
 * 1) How is the shape of an enzyme important?
 * 1) Explain how you know an enzyme is reusable.
 * 1) How does heating an enzyme affect its function?
 * 1) Does heating an enzyme always have the same effect when the catalyst needs to act on a substance? Explain.

C. Go to: [] [] · A condensation reaction is responsible for building large molecules, and a hydrolysis reaction is responsible for breaking down large molecules. D. [] · They are made up of Amino Acids. There are a total of 20 amino acids. your body makes 8 of them. · Condenstation, or dehydration synthesis. · Amino Acids are the building block of proteins. There are 20 different kinds of amino acids which can combine together in an infinite number of combinations to form proteins. There are three examples of amino acids which are Glycine, Leucine, and Lysine. These are called the “R” groups. Glycine has one hydrogen in its R-group which makes it ambivalent. Leucine has carbons and hydrogens in its R group which makes it non-polar. Lysine has nitrogen and hydrogen in its R group which makes it polar. On the link above there is a picture of the R groups.
 * 1) Explain the difference between hydrolysis (when you take a big molecule and break it down into littler ones by adding water) and condensation (dehydration) (when you put 2 little things together to make a bigger one).
 * 1) Which molecules from our labs undergo these reactions?
 * 2) Protiens, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids. All biomolecule does that
 * 1) What are proteins made of?
 * 1) What chemical process creates the proteins?
 * 1) Describe how proteins are made in detail. Sketch a picture.

E. [] · The mouth, stomach, and the small intestines all help to break down carbohydrates. Enzymes in the mouth and small intestine help to break down carbohydrates to make glucose. In the stomach, carbohydrate digestion continues until the environment becomes too acidic. Then carbohydrates are broken down to glucose in the small intestine and then absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose then cannot enter fat or muscle cells because glucose channels are closed. So glucose cannot be burned for energy in the cells. The pancreas detects an increase in glucose levels in the bloodstream and pumps insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin unlocks the cell’s glucose channels so the muscles and cells can take up glucose through the open channels. The glucose level in the bloodstream falls as glucose is taken up by the body cells and muscles. The pancreas detects the falling blood glucose level and switches off secretion of insulin. Glucose is burned up for energy in the body cells.
 * 1) Describe step by step how your body breaks down carbohydrates. Make sure to specify the function of each organ during the steps.

F. [] · Fats and other lipids do not dissolve in water; instead, they tend to congeal together into large masses. The same thing happens in salad dressing, when the oil and the vinegar are allowed to separate. This separation of lipid and water reduces the effectiveness of fat-digesting enzymes, which are known as lipase. Without extra assistance the lipases would not have access to most of the fat molecules, and fats would pass through the digestive tract without being digested. fat uses bio.
 * 1) How is fat digested? How is this different from carbohydrates? Be sure to discuss the organs, substances, and enzyme responsible.

G. [] · They occur when blood flow to a section of heart muscle becomes blocked.
 * 1) How do heart attacks occur?

H. []

Describe in your own words using any of the images from the above link and draw a picture that describes proteins (do not copy and paste from images):
 * 1) Primary structure
 * 2) Secondary structure
 * 3) Tertiary structure
 * 4) Quarternary structure

Activation energy is the energy needed to do the reaction.

**The Red Words are the answers**

Biomolecules Review 1. Identify the type of biochemical reaction occurring in each of the following:

a. 3 fatty acids + glycerol --> fat + 3 water · Dehydration synthesis b. protein + water --> amino acid + amino acid · Hydrolysis c. polysaccharide + 2 water --> glucose + glucose + glucose · Hydrolysis d. amino acid + amino acid --> protein + water · Dehydration syntheis e. fat + 3 water --> 3 fatty acids + glycerol · Hydrolysis f. glucose + glucose + glucose --> polysaccharide + 2 water · Dehydration synthesis

2. How many bonds occur in each element: a. carbon - 4 b. oxygen - 2 c. nitrogen - 3 d. hydrogen - 1

3. Which biomolecule has the following functional groups? a. COOH and OH - lipid b. OH and OH – carbohydrates c. NH2 and COOH - proteins

4. Saturated or Unsaturated? a. CH3CH2COOH - Unsaturated b. CH3CCCOOH - Saturated

5. Name the monomers that make up the following polymers a. protein- amino acids b. lactose- glucose c. maltose- 2 glucose d. sucrose- e. glycogen- glucose f. lipid- 3 fatty acids and glycerol

6. Identify the Biomolecules of the Body that relates to the following: a. Insulation – lipids b. Muscles, antibodies, hemoglobin, enzymes - protein c. Quick energy, blood sugar - carbs d. Glycogen in liver- catalase.

7. How many different amino acids are there? 20 8. What is the difference between starch and glycogen? Starch is found in plants, and glycogen is found in muscles. 9. The group of atoms in a molecule where reactions happen (and also allow for easy identification as to the type of molecule) is called the __group. 10. Why is the activity of an enzyme like a lock and key? Because the enzyme and substraight have to fit together 11. How are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides (starch, etc.) related to each other? They are all enzymes. Mono are simple sugars c6h1206 they are isomesrs disa, put 2 mono saccarides together. Plysaccarides are chains of glucose 12. Through the reactions of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, what important molecule is always part of the processes? Water molecule 13. Catalase is an example of an enzyme__Protein. What kind of biomolecule is it? catalase 14. Which biomolecule contains the largest amount of energy in its bonds? lipids 15. How can an enzyme become unusable? They are destroyed when there is heat.

16. a. What process would be used to break the following molecule apart? Hydrolysis b. What is this molecule called? lipid c. What other molecule is needed for the reaction to happen? 3 water d. What would the end products of the reaction be? (draw and label the molecules)

dextrose is another word for glucose. Protein does not have nitrogen

3 fatty acids and glycerol made up lipids.

17. a. What process would be used to put these two monomer units together? Dehydration synthesis b. What are these monomer units called? Amino acids c. What other molecule must be removed in order for the reaction to happen? Water moleucle d. Draw the end product of the reaction (draw and label the molecules.)

**__Vocabulary for Annotations__**


 * __1. Photosynthesis-__** This is a synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy.


 * __2. Autotrophs-__** This is an organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light


 * __3. Chemical oxidation-__** Redox describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number.
 * __4. Heterotrophs-__** THis is an organism that uses organic carbon for growth.


 * __5. Jan Van Helmont-__** In 1643 he stated that plants gain mass from water intake.


 * __6. Joseph Priestley-__** In 1771 he discovered plants release a chemical that keeps a candle burning.


 * __7. Jan Ingenhousz-__** In 1779 he discovered plants need sunlight to produce oxygen.


 * __8. Julius Mayer-__** In 1845 he proposed that plants convert light energy into chemical energy.


 * __9. Samuel Ruben-__** In 1941 he made use of isotopes to prove that the oxygen that is released comes from the water, along with Martin Kamen.


 * __10. Martin Kamen-__** In 1941 he made use of isotopes to prove that the oxygen that is released comes from the water, along with Samuel Ruben.


 * __11. Melvin Calvin-__** In 1948 he traced the pathway that carbon follows to make glucose. The light- independent reactions are known as the Calvin cycle.


 * __12. Calvin cycle-__** The light-independent reactions are know as the Calvin cycle.


 * __13. Rudolph Marcus-__** In 1992 he won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for describing the path that hte electron takes while traveling down the electron transport chain.

6 CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
 * __14. Generalized Photosynthesis Equation-__** This equation is the following:


 * __15. Phototrophs-__** These are organisms that carry out photosynthesis to acqiure energy.


 * __16. Chlorophyll-__** This is a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms, and there are four naturally occurring forms.


 * __17. Chlorophyll a-__** This is a blue-black plant pigment having a blue-green alcohol solution.


 * __18. Chlorophyll b-__** This is a dark green plant pigment having a brilliant green alcohol solution, generally characteristic of higher plants.


 * __19. Carotene-__** Carotene is an orange isomer of an unsaturated hydrocarbon found in many plants.


 * __20. Xanthophyll-__** This is a yellow carotenoid pigment in plants and animal fats and egg yolks.


 * __21. Tannin-__** This is any of various complex phenolic substances of plant origin.


 * __22. Inner membrane-__** This is the biological membrane of an organelle or Gram-negative bacteria that is within an outer membrane.


 * __23. Thylakioid-__** This is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, and they are the site of the light-dependent reactions.


 * __24. Stroma-__** This is a mass of fungal tissue that has spore-bearing structures embedded in or on it.


 * __25. Grana-__** These are stacks of thylakoids found in the discoid chloroplasts of land plants and some green algae.


 * __26. Electrons-__** These are subatomic particles that carry a negative electric charge.


 * __27. ATP-__** This means adenosine triiphosphate, which is a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue. This is also the major source of energy for cellular reactions.


 * __28. NADPH-__** This is abreviated for the word, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and it is used in anabolic reactions.


 * __29. Carbon Dioxide-__** This is a heavy odorless, colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances.


 * __30. Carbon Fixation-__** This is any process through which gaseous carbon dioxide is converted into a solid compound.


 * __31. Inorganic-__** This is relating to the class of compounds, and it does not have a carbon basis.


 * __32. Organic-__** This is relating to the class of chemical compounds, and it has a carbon basis.


 * # Of ATP || Light Intensity || Wavelength || Seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * No ATP || Dark at 0 || 400 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * No ATP || Dark at 0 || 500 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * No ATP || Dark at 0 || 600 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * No ATP || Dark at 0 || 700 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 2 ATP || Dark at 80 || 400 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 1 ATP || Dark at 80 || 500 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 1 ATP || Dark at 80 || 600 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 1 ATP || Dark at 80 || 700 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 1 ATP || Bright at 160 || 450 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 1 ATP || Bright at 160 || 550 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 3 ATP || Bright at 160 || 650 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 1 ATP || Bright at 160 || 750 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 1 ATP || Bright at 200 || 450 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 1 ATP || Bright at 200 || 550 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 4 ATP || Bright at 200 || 650 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 1 ATP || Bright at 200 || 750 || 30seconds ||  ||   ||   ||

What are the best possible conditions for making the maximum of ATP? The best possible conditions for making the maximum of ATP for us was for light intensity at bright and 200 and for the wavelength 650.

Hypothesize what values you believe are the best conditions (what wavelength and light intensity creates the most ATP.) The wavelength that I believe is the best is 400 and the light intensity, 40 for one minute.

Use the simulation to carry out your experiment. Share the results of each person in your group. When I used the simulation for one minute there were only 2 ATP.

Research background information about Explain the following: Discussion of wavelength and light intensity amount needed to create maximum ATP through pictures, paragraphs, or data table (5) Discusses relationship of light intensity to the process of photosynthesis (5) Discusses relationship of wavelength to the process of photosynthesis (5) Discussion of how pigment colors are related to photosynthesis and wavelength (5)
 * light intensity- This is a luminous (radiant) intensity measured in candelas.
 * wavelength and energy- Wavelength is the distance between 2 points in the same phase in consecutive cycles of a wave.
 * pigment colors- A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption.
 * how is wavelength and light intensity is important for photosynthesis. Be certain to completely relate these to the light reaction and what you observed in the simulation. Light intensity is important to photosynthesis because if it is dark it make the reactions faster and if it is bright the reaction is slower. When it is brighter you will have more ATP in than you would if it was dark but you have to have the same wavelength and the same time you are going to let them react for.
 * A summary of what you learned through the simulation. You can discuss using paragraphs, data tables or pictures (include a brief statement as well). What I learned through this whole simulation was that if the light intensity is darker everything will speed up and if it is bright everything will slow down. I also learned that light intensity and wavelength have to work together for photosyntesis to happen.
 * Light Intensity Rubric **

=__Photosynthesis Webquest__=

1. What is photosynthesis ? This is a synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy, and it is especially in plants.

2. What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis? List 3 groups. Autotrophs, Plants, Bacteria, and Protists. 3. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What is the translation for the chemical equation? The chemical equation is: 6 CO2 + 6H2O –C6H12O6 + 6OF2, The translation for it is 6 molecules water plus 6 molecules carbon dioxide yields one molecule glucose plus six molecules oxygen.

4. Look at your equation in number 3 and answer the following questions: a. What are the raw materials or reactants needed to carry out photosynthesis? Water and carbon dioxide b. What are the products of photosynthesis? Glucose and oxygen c. What energy source is needed in the reaction? Sunlight

5. Consider a plant as the photosynthetic organism. a. In what part of the plant does photosynthesis occur? In the leaves b. What specific cells are involved? Mesophyll cell, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma. c. What specific organelle is involved? Chloroplast ,

6. How does the plant get the raw materials needed for photosynthesis to the plant part where photosynthesis occurs? By the Thylakoid.

7. What is a stoma and of what value is the stoma to the plant in its efforts to carry out photosynthesis? The stroma is where enzymes take the carbon from carbon dioxide and combine it with hydrogen and oxygen to make simple carbohydrate molecules. It is part of the process that is generally referred to as the “light independent: reactions or the “dark reactions”.

8. Explore the organelle that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis. What are found inside the organelle and how do these parts aid in the process of photosynthesis? The organelle that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis is chloroplasts. The things that are found inside of the chloroplast are, the stroma, thylakoid, granum, intermembrane space, inner membrane, and the outer membrane. These parts aid in the process of photosynthesis when the energy enters the food chain through it (chloroplast). Chloroplasts trap light energy and convert it into the chemical bond energy of sugar and that is how it aids in photosynthesis.

9. What is the first part of photosynthesis called and where does it occur? The first part of photosynthesis is called the “light stage”, or the light dependent reaction because it depends on light. It occurs on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

10. What exactly happens in the first part of photosynthesis? In the first part of photosynthesis the light dependent part of photosynthesis is carried out by 2 consecutive photosystems in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts. Then the photosystems are driven by the excited chlorophyll molecules. When photosynthesis begins the chlorophyll is excited by sunlight and the energy produced helps to break down a water molecule into ½ 02 and 2H+. Then the removed electrons are excited by the light energy. Then when the electrons get ready to come to their non-motion state they go through an oxidative phosphorylation process and it produces ATP.

11. What is the second part of photosynthesis called and where does it happen? The second part of photosynthesis is called the light independent reaction. This part of the process happened when the ATP is used to make glucose which is the Calvin cycle. It happens in the stroma of the chloroplasts.

12. What happens in the second part of photosynthesis? In this light is absorbed and is converted into energy. Then it goes to the Calvin cycle where it is used to make stored energy.

13. Are the two parts of photosynthesis connected? If so, explain the connection. Yes they are connected because they are both light independent or dependent and have reaction. They both also occur in the chloroplast.

14. Does the chemical equation that you listed in number 3 tell the entire story of the process of photosynthesis? Why or why not? I do not think that it tells the entire process of photosynthesis because there is not much dealing with hydrogen in photosynthesis and the equation has hydrogen in it.

= Photosynthesis Review =
 * 1) Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs. An autotroph is an organism that produces complex organic compounds, like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions. A heterotroph is an organism that used organic carbon for growth.
 * 2) What is ATP? How is energy released or stored in the molecule? What are the three parts that make up an ATP molecule? ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. It is a nucleotide derived from adenosine in which it occurs in muscle tissue. It is also the major source of energy for cellular reactions. The energy is stored in the phosphate bonds of the ATP. When a cell needs the energy the ATP phosphorylates and breaks off a phosphate bond to give it the energy it needs. The three parts that make up an ATP molecule are adenine, ribose, and the set of the three phosphate groups.
 * 3) What are the contributions of the following scientists: van Helmont, Calvin, and Priestley. The contribution from van Helmont was that he stated in 1643 that plants gain mass from water intake. Calvin’s contribution was in 1948 when he traces the pathway that carbon follows to make glucose. Also that the light-independent reactions are actually known as the Calvin cycle. The contributuion from Priestly was in 1771 when he discovered plnats release a chemical that keeps a candle burning.
 * 4) What is the equation for photosynthesis? What are the reactants? What are the products?6 CO2 + 6H2O-->C6H1206 + 6O2. The reactants are water and carbon dioxide. the products are glucose and oxygen.
 * 5) Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is absorbed by chlorophyll? Which is not absorbed well? The equation for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 6H2O---C6H1206 + 602. The reactants are water and carbon dioxide. The products are glucose and oxygen. The region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is absorbed by chlorophyll are the incident blue and red wavelengths.
 * 6) Which colors of visible light are of lower energy? Which are of higher energy? The colors of lower energy are violet, blue, and green. The colors of higher energy are red, orange, and yellow.
 * 7) In the plant, discuss what each of these parts are and what specifically happens in each: stroma, grana or granum, thylakoid membranes, chloroplast, chlorophyll. Stroma is a mass of fungal tissue that has spore-bearing sstructures embedded in or on it. It is also they dense colorless framework of a chloroplast. In the stroma the dark reactions occur. Grana is 2 or more stacks of thylakoids. The light reaction of photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoids stacked in the grana. In the thylakoid membranes the clorophyll molecules reside. Thylakoid membranes are a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. Chloroplast is a plastid that contains chlorophyll and other pigments. Chloroplasts take in sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make oxygen and sugar. Chlorophyll is any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms. In plants chlorophyll helps plants obtain the energy from light. They are specifically arranged in and around pigment protein complexes called photosystems.
 * 8) What are the products of the light dependent reaction? Where do these products go? Oxygen, hydrogen, and ADP and ATP. they all go to the dark reaction exept the oxgen because it is released.
 * 9) What are the products of the dark dependent reaction? What is another name for this reaction? Glucose and water. The calvin cycle.
 * 10) In which reaction (light or dark) is PGAL made?Dark
 * 11) Distinguish between photosystem I and photosystem II. Photosystem 1 is the second photosystem in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and even bacteria. Photosystem 11 is the first protein complex in the Light-dependent reactions. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae and cyanobacteria.They both have different pigments and 1 comes first.
 * 12) Describe the effect of increasing temperatures on photosynthesis. When you increase the temperatures on photosynthesis the light would be greater than dark.
 * 13) Describe the effect of increasing light intensity on photosynthesis. If you increase the light intensity on photosynthesis the rate of photosynthesis will increase. But once it hits a certain limit it will stay the same rate.
 * 14) What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? Oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons, and always occurs accompanied by reduction. Reduction on the other hand is the act of decreasing or reducing something. LEOGER. l stands for lose E stands for electrons, O stands fro oxidized, E stands for electrons, and R stands for reduced. Cytochrome a beomes reduced. Cytochrome b gains an electron which it is reduced then sytochrome a becomes oxidized. Cytochrome c is reduced then it passes it to cytochrome b which is then oxidized.
 * 15) What are some of the pigments found in plants? What colors are they? Some of the pigments found in plants are chlorophyll, carotenoid, and phycobilins. Chlorophyll is a green color. Caroenoid is generally red, orange, or yellow, and phycobilins are red.
 * 16) How does the amount of storage of energy in an ATP molecule compare to that of a glucose molecule?
 * 17) What part of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membrane? In the stroma?Light reactions. Dark reaction.
 * 18) What is meant by carbon fixation? This refers to any process through which gaseous carbon dioxide is changed into a solid compound. Carbon dioxide is changed into something that is usable.
 * 19) What are stomata? What are their function? Stomata is a pore found in the leaf and stem epidermis that is used for gas exchange.
 * 20) What does NADP do in the process of photosynthesis? The redox reactions eventually are going to be attached to the NADP and H to form NADPH, which is an energy carrier needed in the light independent reaction. It transports hydrogen.







1. The 5% was more effective than the other sugar solutions. The 10% was the least effective sugar solution. 2. The dependent variables in our lab was the yeast and the sugar. The independent variable was the water. 3. yeast prefers a warm environment because if it is to cold nothing will happen and if it is to hot it will die instintaly. The sugar effected how much co2 there will be. The yeast basically feeds off of the sugar. 4. The more sugar the less the balloon blew up. 5. Firmentation, this is because it does not use oxygen, and co2 is produced.

DNA replication is copying DNA (making a copy of DNA) This (copying DNA) is so you can make a new cell.(mitosis, meiosis)



=Turner Syndrome=

In order to better understand different genetic irregularities, you will research and summarize a genetic condition of your choice. Explain the following:

1. What causes this condition? (There are two ways to look at this one - In terms of DNA, what causes the irregularity, and also, what can trigger this genetic change?) Turner syndrome is caused by a missing or incomplete X chromosome. People who have Turner syndrome develop as females. The genes affected are involved in growth and sexual development, which is why girls with the disorder are shorter than normal and have abnormal sexual characteristics. Turner syndrome is typically caused by what is called nondisjunction. If a pair of sex chromosomes fails to separate during the formation of an egg (or sperm), this is referred to as nondisjunction. When an abnormal egg unites with a normal sperm to form an embryo, that embryo may end up missing one of the sex chromosomes (X rather than XX). As the embryo grows and the cells divide, every cell of the baby's body will be missing one of the X chromosomes.

2. How is it diagnosed? Just about half of the case are diagnosed within the first few months of a girl’s life by the characteristic physical symptoms. Other patients are diagnosed in adolescence because they fail to grow normally or go through puberty. When a doctor suspects Turner syndrome, a blood sample can be used to make a karyotype and the diagnosis can be comfirmed. It also may be diagnosed during pregnancy with a chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. An ultrasound can identify the disorder by its physical symptoms before the baby is born.

3. Who gets this disorder? Discuss percentages, subgroups of people, etc. Is the disorder genetic in nature or is it caused by something environmental? The ones who get this disorder are females. Turner Syndrome affects 60,000 females in the U.S. This disorder is seen in 1 of every 2,000 to 2,500 babies born, with about 800 new cases diagnosed each year. In 75-80% of cases, the single X chromosome comes from the mother’s egg; the fathers sperm that fertilizes the egg is missing its sex chromosome.

4. What are the symptoms of this disorder? The Turner syndrome affects growth and sexual development. Girls with this disorder are shorter than normal, and may fail to start puberty when they should. This is because the ovaries fail to develop properly. Women with this disease appear to have a stocky appearance, arms that turn out slightly at the elbow, a receding lower jaw, a short webbed neck, and low hairline at the back of the neck. Some other medical symptoms include: lymphedema, which is swelling of the hands and feet, heart and/or kidney defects, high blood pressure, and infertility, which is the inability to have children.

5.Summarize other information that is important. A female fetus (normally XX) can survive with only one X chromosome, but a male fetus (normally XY) could not survive with only one Y chromosome. This is because not having an X chromosome is much worse than not having a Y chromosome. The Y chromosome carries very few genes essential for life. In contrast, the X chromosome is a much longer DNA molecule and contains many, many genes that are needed for cells to function.

6. What level is your disorder? Use this [|chart]. 8.

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