Alissa+V

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=my blog=

=About me= I play soccer in the fall and track in the spring. I have two little sisters that are twins. I have three pets 2 dogs and a cat. I like to hang out with my friends on the weekends. My favorite subject in school is science and i am not good at math. I don't know what i want to do for my future job yet.


 * 1) Name- pin oak
 * 2) scientific name- Quercus palustris
 * 3) Organism that infects tree-ramorum
 * 4) Provides habitat or food for... (don't guess, research)- wild turkeys, whitetail deer, squirrels and smaller rodents
 * 5) Justify classification of tree to related trees - create classification scheme as a class, identify related species- have nuts called acorns and spiral leaves
 * 6) Commercial use of tree- quirk of nursery production
 * 7) Twig characteristics- brownish green, thin, droop
 * 8) Where tree is found in the world (native to pa?) - one of the most popular trees in U.S., Connecticut
 * 9) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class.


 * 1) Name- Norway Maple
 * 2) scientific name-Acer Platanoides
 * 3) Organism that infects tree-tar spot fungus, Rhytisma acerinum and anthacnose
 * 4) Provides habitat or food for... (don't guess, research)-maple syrup for humans
 * 5) Justify classification of tree to related trees - create classification scheme as a class, identify related species-they all have fruits called samaras
 * 6) Commercial use of tree- maple syrup and timber
 * 7) Twig characteristics-thick and brown
 * 8) Where tree is found in the world (native to pa?)widely planted through U.S and Canada
 * 9) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class.

Elephas Tigris

The elephas tigris is a creature that resembles an elephant and a tiger. It has up to two or three babies per litter. The babies get all the nutrients from the mother in the beginning of their lives. This creature is a top predator and eats many smaller mammals. Its body is furry and orange with black stripes but its head it gray and not furry. They also live to an average of forty years of age. This creature lives in Asia or a warm climate. They live in the jungle and are very powerful creatures over the others. This creature is a cat like carnivorous.

= __Catalase Activity__ =

In this activity the Avocado had the biggest amount of reaction and carrots had the smallest amount of reaction. I also noticed that most of the time the three different temps. were all very close in the amount of reaction that occurred.

__My question__ If enzymes didn’t exist how would it effect us? Our body’s depends on enzymes for when we digest our food and fight off diseases in our digestive system. Apple, Avocado, Banana, and Carrots = __Biomolecule Activity__ =


 * __Apple-->__**

In this activity i did the chart on the foods apple, avocado, banana, and carrots. I took the average of what most people said for absent or present in the four different categories simple, starch, protein, and fats.

Questions: What kinds of biomolecules are in each of the food substances you tested? Do certain biomolecules have the same catalase reactions? Explain. What other results did you observe in the class that can be used to make a statement of what you have learned?

Some bio molecules that were present were fat in the milk and proteins in the ground beef. No because different bio molecules have different amounts of energy causing different reactions to catalase. From this lab I have learned that different bio molecules act differently in reactions to things and some have more energy and some less for example the avocado in this lab had a large reaction and the apple was very little.

Biomolecule Webquest A. 1.Explain how heat affects the rate of reaction. When you increase the heat the speed also of the hydrochloric acid also increases. It speeds the reaction up.

2.Explain how surface area affects the rate of reaction. It breaks up the marble chips into groups so it’s not all together in the middle.

3. Explain how concentration affects the rate of reaction. When you increase the concentration you also increase the amount of hydrochloric acid. It makes a bigger reaction.

B. Amino Acids The shape of the enzyme Process that makes enzymes less effective and sometime useless. High temperatures affect the shape of the enzyme molecule. When there is no enzyme the to sugar molecules have to attach without any help and they can collide many times but will not attach until they hit each other at the right angle. With an enzyme the sugar molecules go into and then easily make a bond then they leave the enzyme. Because they make it quicker for the sugar bonds to attach therefore making a quicker reaction. Because only certain sugar molecule can fit in certain enzymes the sugar molecule has to match the enzyme.
 * 1) What types of molecules make up enzymes?
 * 1) What determines the function of an enzyme?
 * 1) What is denaturing?
 * 1) Describe how a reaction takes place without an enzyme and then with an enzyme.
 * 1) Explain how you think an enzyme might speed up a reaction.
 * 1) Explain why you think enzymes are so particular about reactions.

The shape depend on the function of the enzymes Because there are sugar molecules that go together with more then one bond and more than two sugar molecules. When you heat the enzyme it changes the shape of it and then the sugar molecules can’t fit into the enzymes to bond. Yes because it changes the shape of the enzyme
 * 1) How is the shape of an enzyme important?
 * 1) Explain how you know an enzyme is reusable.
 * 1) How does heating an enzyme affect its function?
 * 1) Does heating an enzyme always have the same effect when the catalyst needs to act on a substance? Explain.

C

Condensation builds large molecules and hydrolysis breaks down large molecules. In hydrolysis an enzyme weakens a bond between polymers which allows water molecules into the bond. Condensation results in the production of a polymer and a molecule of water.
 * 1) Explain the difference between hydrolysis and condensation (dehydration).

Dehdration Synthesis Glucose, fructose, and sucrose Hydrolysis Glucose and fructose D
 * 1) Which molecules from our labs undergo these reactions?

Proteins are made of Amino Acids Condensation reaction
 * 1) What are proteins made of?
 * 1) What chemical process creates the proteins?


 * 1) Describe how proteins are made in detail. Sketch a picture.

Glycine, leucine, and lysine are brought together into the ribosome and brings them together with peptide bonds making a polypeptide chain. Then this condensation reaction makes proteins.

E

Enzymes in mouth and small intestines make carbs. Into glucose.Then the acid in the stomach digests the carbs. Then the glucose is absorbed into the blood stream.Glucose cannot enter fat or muscle cells so then the pancreas pumps in insuline to open the glucose channels then glucose is burned for energy.
 * 1) Describe step by step how your body breaks down carbohydrates. Make sure to specify the function of each organ during the steps.

F By bile a substance produced by liver it has molecules that have dual nature. Half of the molecule goes to the fat and half goes to water. This process is called emulsification and it keeps the fat particles from mixing together. Carbs just go straight through and don’t have to be split because they wont mix and stick together.
 * 1) How is fat digested? How is this different from carbohydrates? Be sure to discuss the organs, substances, and enzyme responsible.

G

1.How do heart attacks occur? It occurs when blood flow to a section of the heart is stopped or blocked.

H

Describe in your own words using any of the images from the above link and draw a picture that describes proteins (do not copy and paste from images):
 * 1) Primary structure
 * 2) Secondary structure
 * 3) Tertiary structure
 * 4) Quarternary structure

Light Intensity Lab


=__Photosynthesis Vocab__=

Inorganic – raw materials of photosynthesis Organic – carbohydrates produced during reaction Calvin cycle – does not need light for its reaction, but needs energy carriers produced in the light reaction to function. ATP- Adenosine tri-phosphate, A common form in which energy is stored in living systems; consists of a nucleotide (with ribose sugar) with three phosphate groups. NADPH - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Thylakoid - is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts Autotrophs – organism that produces things like carbs., fats, and proteins Heterotrophs – uses organic carbon for growth Photosynthesis – process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds Jan Van Helmont –stated that plants gain mass from water intake Joseph Priestley – discovered plants release a chemical that keeps a candle burning Jan Ingenhousz – discovered plants need sunlight to produce oxygen Julius Mayer – proposed that plants convert light energy into chemical energy Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen – proved that oxygen that is released comes from water 6 CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 +6O2- this is the photosynthesis equation Chloroplasts – capture light energy to conserve energy into the form of ATP Chlorophyll – green pigment found in plants Plastoquinone – molecule involved in the electron transport chain in the light dependent reactions Plastocyanin – mobile electron carrier between the photosystem Proton pump – membrane that moves proteins across surface of cell ATP synthase – form of energy, considered a enzyme Thylakoid membrane – a membrane in a plant cell attaches things together NADP reductase – enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Ferredoxin – proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions Carbon dioxide – gas the exists on earths atmosphere, plants take it in Chemosynthetic prokaryotes – a type of prokaryote cell

Answer the following question as a group: What are the best possible conditions for making the maximum of ATP?

Hypothesize what values you believe are the best conditions (what wavelength and light intensity creates the most ATP.) I have discovered the more light you have the more ATP you have. The dark had no reaction in the ATP. Also the smaller amount of wavelength you have is better they seem to have the best reactions so therefore the bright with little wavelength had the biggest ATP value.


 * Homework: ** Create a data table that outlines % maximal ATP, ATP created in your time frame used, light intensity, and wavelength. You can also take screen shots while it is in action and display your data in a graph or other ways if desired.

Research background information about Explain the following:
 * light intensity – influences the manufacture of plant food, stem length, leaf coloring and flowering, plants don’t grow well at low light intensities which is why they grow better outside.
 * wavelength and energy- the color of light depends on the amount of wave length
 * pigment colors – the pigment depends on color of light
 * How wavelength and light intensity are important for photosynthesis. Be certain to completely relate these to the light reaction and what you observed in the simulation.

Wavelength and light intensity are important because they change the number of the ATP. When there is no light the ATP does not change this is why plants need sunlight for survival.


 * A summary of what you learned through the simulation. You can discuss using paragraphs, data tables or pictures (include a brief statement as well).

I have learned that light is needed for a plant to survive because it changes the ATP level. Also the shorter the wavelength is normally the higher the ATP is. I also realized that different colors of wavelengths have different lengths. And that pigments take certain wavelength colors. The colors that are not taken in are, the colors that reflect back to your eyes hence the green plants because green is not taken in. I have learned that photosynthesis needs light to occur which is why plants grow better outdoors. Also lower wavelengths and brighter light intensity make a healthier plant. When the plant is not getting any light or very little the molecules have to move faster.

= Photosynthesis Webquest = 1. What is photosynthesis? Makes sugar out of air, water, and sunshine 2. What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis? List 3 groups. Plants, algae, and bacteria 3. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What is the translation for the chemical equation? 6 CO2 + 6H2O ->C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 molecules water plus 6 molecules carbon dioxide yields one molecule glucose plus six molecules oxygen. 4. Look at your equation in number 3 and answer the following questions: a. What are the raw materials or reactants needed to carry out photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide and water b. What are the products of photosynthesis? Sugar, glucose and oxygen c. What energy source is needed in the reaction? Light is needed for this reaction to occur 5. Consider a plant as the photosynthetic organism. a. In what part of the plant does photosynthesis occur? Photosynthesis generally occurs in the chlorophyll of plants stems or leafs. b. What specific cells are involved? Mesophyll cells because they have chloroplasts c. What specific organelle is involved? Chloroplasts 6. How does the plant get the raw materials needed for photosynthesis to the plant part where photosynthesis occurs? Xylem cells transport the water to the stem/leaves and carbon dioxide enter through the leaves. 7. What is a stoma and of what value is the stoma to the plant in its efforts to carry out photosynthesis? The stoma is in the stem of the plant, the stomata opens for transpiration then water is drawn by evaporation from stoma to diffuse into the plant through the open stoma. 8. Explore the organelle that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis. What are found inside the organelle and how do these parts aid in the process of photosynthesis? The thylakoids are found in chloroplasts the main organelle involved in photosynthesis. Thylakoid is the site of light dependent reactions, they stack into things called grana it then connects to the stroma which join the stacks together which creates a functional compartment. 9. What is the first part of photosynthesis called and where does it occur? The first step is light reaction because photosynthesis needs light to occur this step takes place in the thylakoid membrane. 10. What exactly happens in the first part of photosynthesis? Then energy in the plant is converted into the forms of ATP and NADPH. The energy is produced by the sun to break down water molecules. NADPH then goes into the Calvin Cycle to conduct carbon fixation. 11. What is the second part of photosynthesis called and where does it happen? The second part of photosynthesis is the Calvin cycle it occurs in the stroma. 12. What happens in the second part of photosynthesis? When plants use up energy to build high energy compounds that can be stored for long amounts of time. It makes carbohydrates. 13. Are the two parts of photosynthesis connected? If so, explain the connection. Yes, because in the first part the forms of energy are created and in the second part they are used to make other things for the plant. 14. Does the chemical equation that you listed in number 3 tell the entire story of the process of photosynthesis? Why or why not? No, it does not it leaves out the smaller details in this process like the types of energy being formed and how they are used. YEAST LAB Analysis: 1. State 2 clear, concise conclusions derived from the analysis of the results from the experiments in your class. When you have more sugar the yeast rises more, and yeast is anerobic respiration 2. What was the dependent and independent variables in the experiment? Explain. The sugar, water, and yeast are dependent because those are the products you start with and the gas is independent because that is whats made by this process. 3. According to the experimental data, what kind of environment do yeast prefer? How did the sugar concentration change the result? Explain. Wet enviroments that include sugar, the more sugar the more gas to make the yeast rise. 4. How did the amount of rising change with the different types of sugar solutions used? The more sugar solution the bigger the circumference is of the bread. 5. What kind of respiration did the yeast carry out in the experiment? Explain. It carried out anerobic respiration because oxygen wasn’t needed for the process.

=DNA Replication project=