Midnight+Rage

toc =Team Members=

Abbi W Sam A Camryn B Elana C

**Types of Cell Activity**

1. -Sam A.

-Abbi W.

-Elana C.

2.-**Prokaryote Animal cell/ Bacteria** (flickr user: kaibara87)



This is a prokaryotic bacteria cell because of its shape. It also is not eukaryotic because it doesn't contain a nucleus and is not as complicated as a eukaryote cell.


 * -Eukaryote Animal**



This is a eukaryotic animal cell because it lacks a cell wall. And its not prokaryote because it has a nucleus (the maroon circle with the dark blue circle in the middle).


 * -Eukaryote Plant**

This is a eukaryotic plant cell because it shows the cell wall. In the picture its the dark pinkish park around the cell.

3. The main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are: eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus that is bound by a double membrane. Prokaryotes do not. Eukaryote and prokaryote cells have similar organelles; however, eukaryotic cell organelles are more complex. For example, both cell types have ribosomes, but the ribosomes of the eukaryote cell are larger and more complex. These ribosomes are composed of five kinds RNA and eighty kinds of protein while the prokaryote ribosome is made up of only three kinds of RNA and only fifty kinds of protein. Also prokaryotes are almost always single-celled organisms, except when they exist in colonies.

4. How do animals and plants have prokaryote cells if they are single-celled organisms? Plants and animals are classified as eukaryotes (true nucleus with nuclear membrane). These cells do have prokaryotic cells lodged in them. While describing the evolution of mitochondria or powerhouse of the cell and chloroplast or photosynthetic organ, we say that these were once upon a time which were free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed into the eukaryotic cells. Moreover there is evidence that the mitochondrial and chloroplast genome has structure similar to that of the prokaryotes. The ribosomes and the RNA types produced are also typical of prokaryotes. Thus plants and animal cells have prokaryotic cells.

Answer Found At: [] [|http://www.cod.edu/PEOPLE/FACULTY/FANCHER/ProkEuk.htm]

=Comparing Plant and Animal Cells=


 * -Elodea Cell**

This is a picture of the Elodea Cell before the salt solution was added. The nucleus of each cell is the dark dot in the center. (Ignore the individual cell size in this picture).


 * -Elodea Cell With Salt**

With salt the Elodea cells are even more visible.

Questions: 1. Compare and contrast the onion cell and the elodea cell.(2) -The onion cell is skinnier than the elodea cell.

 2. (If you added the salt solution) What happened to the cells when concentrated salt solution was added to the cells?(1) Why do you think this happened? (1) . -When the salt solution was added to the cells, the cells became more visible, rigid, and identifiable. We think this happened because when salt is added to anything, it is a more concentrated solution than the solution that was basically inside the cell. It does this through hypertonic (the higher concentrated solution), and moves to the hypotonic (the less concentrated solution) through osmosis.

3. What question do you still have about this activity?(1) Do research to find the answer or design and perform an experiment to answer your question.(2) How do underwater plants survive underwater? -Underwater plants survive because they are able to take in carbon dioxide that is dissolved in the water.

(resource: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_characteristics_help_underwater_plants_live_underwater) Cite your research sources; What is elodea? A submersed aquatic plant from the genus Elodea, having numerous, usually whorled leaves. It is also called water weeds. [] [|__http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elodea__]


 * -Cheek Cell**

The cheek cells are clumped together which makes it difficult to see the individual cells. The dye was added to the slide so that the cells are more visible.

1. Describe the shape and arrangement of the cheek cells.(2) -Cheek cells look like air bubbles. They are roundish but not perfectly round. The cells are scattered. 2. Compare and contrast the cheek, onion, and elodea cells.(6) -The onion and elodea cells are arranged in rows and they are square. The cheek cells are round because they are animal cells and they don't have a cell wall.  3. What question do you still have about this activity?(1) Do research to find the answer or design and perform an experiment to answer your question.(2) Cite your research sources.  ** We would like to know why cheek cells come off so easily. -Cheek cells are constantly being shed, so they come off easily. In fact, cheek cells divide every 24 hours. (resources: http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/dic/dicgallery/cheekcellssmall.html) 
 * __Questions:__

**-Onion Cell**

= = The onion cell is thin. The iodine makes the cell organelles more visible. Individual cell size - 281.95 nanometers.

1. Describe the shape and arrangement of the onion cells.(2) -They are rectangular and are arranged in rows.

2. What happened to the cells when concentrated salt solution was added to the cells? (1) Why do you think this happened?(1) -The fresh water in the cell moves out by means of osmosis. And the cell becomes harder and clearer.

3. What was the purpose of adding the methylene blue or Lugol's iodine to the slide?(1) -The cell parts become more visible, and the things that may have been somewhat "invisible" before, are now stained or dyed so you can see them.

4. What question do you have about this activity that has not yet been answered?(1) Do research to answer the question or design and perform an experiment to answer the question.(2) Remember to cite your sources. We would like to know why onions make your eyes sting/burn/water. -When you cut an onion, you break plant cells that are full of acids that and enzymes. These acids then escape and react and form a sulphenic acid which irritates your eyes and then in turn your eyes water to try and help wash it out. (resources: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_do_your_eyes_sting_when_near_onions) = Cell Inquiry =


 * Are fruits and vegetables really made of cells? **

Requirements: Design and carry out an exercise to determine if a given fruit or vegetable is composed of cells (choose from apple, pear, potato, celery, banana, squash, tomato, turnip, radish, and cucumber.) Decide what materials, procedures, and evidence is required in order to determine if the fruit or vegetable is composed of cells. Your choice of fruit or vegetable must be discussed with your teacher before proceeding. We know that plant cells have chlorophyll. This makes them green. It also is used in photosynthesis (which creates food). Without it plants wouldn’t survive. So we know that plant cells exist because plants are green. To prove this we can view the celery under a microscope and locate the chlorophyll in the cell. Also for cells that don’t have chloroplast we can locate the nucleus of the cell like in the elodea, onion, and cheek cell lab. First, we will slice a tiny piece of celery and put it on the slide with a cover slide on top. And then we will slice the apple and put a thin piece on the slide. Next, we will add methanol blue to make the cell more visible. And then we will put a cover slide on top and finally view first under low power and then under high power, the slides and look for the individual cells.

--Celery Cell

--Apple Cell



=Cell Size Lab= -3x3x3, 2x2x2, 1x1x1 Cubes.

-Before The Liquid was Added In The Beaker.

-After 10 Minutes.

-Cut After 10 Minutes.

=Cilia and Flagella (Compare and Contrast)= Abbi W and Sam A



=Nucleus and Nucleoli (Compare and Contrast Venn Diagram)= Camryn B and Elana C



=Cell Transport= - //Cell Transport Questions// 1. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and or differences. --Diffusion is the movement of anything but water, through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the movement of water through a permeable. They both move materials through a permeable membrane.

2. Why are diffusion and osmosis considered to be passive processes? --They are considered passive because they move materials down the concentration gradient. Active transport moves the materials uphill using energy.

3. Compare and contrast passive cell transport with active cell transport. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and/or differences. --Passive transport moves materials down the concentration gradient. Active transport moves materials up the concentration gradient. And active transport uses energy to move the materials.

4. What question do you still have about cell transport? Do research or design and run an experiment to gather data to answer your question. Write a paragraph or make an outline of what you did and what you discovered. Remember to cite your sources. --We still would like to know if a cell can intake too much water to cause it to be harmed. Answer: Yes, a cell can intake too much water and become harmed. When cells intake too much water, they to try to retain homeostasis also called a concentration gradient. Basically, the excess water from around the cells also called the serum begins to draw out sodium from within the cells into the serum to reestablish the necessary concentration. When more water enters the body and the serum sodium concentration drops, the body will go into something called hyponatremia. When this happens, death can occur if a hypertonic saline solution is not administered.

resources: http://chemistry.about.com/cs/5/f/blwaterintox.htm

Osmosis
Lab Procedure-- Take a potato and cut 2 pieces of it into a square centimeter, it will be 1/2 centimeter thick. They weight .5 grams each. We will then put one of them in 50mL of salt water, and one in 50mL of cold water. We will then let them sit in the water for 10 minutes. After the 10 minutes is over, we will take them out and weigh them again and determine if water was into the potato through the semi-permeable membrane. Osmosis is when water passes through a membrane, from a high concentrated area to a low concentrated area. In the potato experiment we proved osmosis by showing that the potato cubed grew after it was placed in water. We also placed a potato piece the same size in a beaker full of salt water. Both potatoes grew the same amount. This proved that water moved into the potato and that the salt did not. If the salt had moved into the potato it would have grew larger than the potato placed in regular water. But because both potatoes grew the same amount then only water went into both potatoes. After 10 minutes.. The cube of potato soaked in salt water lost .2 grams of water making it .3 grams. The cube of potato soaked in regular water gained .5 ounces making it 1 gram.

Diffusion
Lab Procedure-- Take 5 inches of dialysis tubing and fill it with water after tying off one of the ends with string. Then, put in about 3 inches of cornstarch. We then got a beaker with 250mL of water and added 15 drops of iodine to it. We then tied off the other end and placed it into the water for 15 minutes.

Diffusion is the process where molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentrated areas. Like in the experiment with the iodine. The iodine moved from a concentration of high iodine to the inside of the bag, which had no iodine. You could tell when the iodine moved into the dialysis bag because the cornstarch turned black. We used iodine because it is indicator.

After 10 minutes.. The dialysis tubing filled with cornstarch and water turned purple/black. It turned purple/black because when iodine comes into contact with cornstarch it turns color because iodine is an indicator of cornstarch.

This is during the experiment. The iodine is being absorb through the permeable membrane (the bag) and the cornstarch was starting to turn black. = =