Kelsey

toc [|My Blog] = About Me = My name is Kelsey and I love to play soccer. I have been playing it since I was about six years old. My positions are defense and goalie. (Goalie is my favorite.) One thing that is really interesting about me is that I'm a twin, but my twin is a boy. I think we have twin telepathy because we are always hungry together and we always think the same. He doesn't think so. I also think I still have a fish. I don't remember the last time I fed him or cleaned his tank. (Oops.) I also have two dogs. I'm pretty sure they are still alive.

= Staghorn Sumac =
 * 1) **Name:** Staghorn Sumac
 * 2) **scientific name:** //Rhus hirta// or //Rhus typhina//
 * 3) **Organism that infects tree:** Verticillium wilt (fungus)
 * 4) **Provides habitat or food for...**birds, small worms, rabbits, moose, and deer
 * 5) **Justify classification of tree to related trees:** They are all shrubs, have the same red fruit, and velvey twigs.
 * 6) **Commercial use of tree:** fruits can be made into pink lemonade, used in smoking tobacco, and used as dye
 * 7) **Twig characteristics:** long, fat, velvety
 * 8) **Where tree is found in the world:** Southeast of Canada and Northeast and Midwestern of United States



www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/stag_**sumac**.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/**Rhus**_**typhina** urbanext.illinois.edu/hortanswers/plantdetail.cfm?PlantID www.holoweb.com/cannon/staghorn.htm http://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Nature-Garden-Insects/Staghorn-Sumac-Vinegar-Tree-Rhus-Hirta-Sumac-Family-R-Typhina-Of-Gray.html [|http://www.timberlinelandscaping.com/Rev'dPlants-FRCC-TL/Rev'dShrubsPDFs/RhusTyphina-StaghornSumac.pdf] []
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= Black Walnut = 1. **Name:** Black Walnut 2. **scientific name:** //Julgans nigra// 3. **Organism that infects tree:** ambrosia beetle, Fusarium (fungus), Nectria galligena (fungus), Mycosphaerella juglandis (fungus), Microstroma (fungus), Phytophthora citricola (fungus), Cylindrocladium spp (fungus), deer, black walnut caterpillar, and curculios 4. **Provides habitat or food for...**maggots, mice, brown-tail, Emperor moth, Walnut sphinx 5. **Justify classification of tree to related trees:** The have dark brown wood and nuts covered by a husk. 6. **Commercial use of tree:** furniture, rifle stocks, flooring, oil is pressed from seeds, nuts are edible, and the dye is used as stain 7. **Twig characteristics:** wide and flat 8. **Where tree is found in the world:** midwest and east central of the U.S; moslty found in Missouri, Asia, Europe, and South America 9.

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 * Information from:**

= Ichthyology =

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=Dinard= This creature is a predator of the sky. It attacks everything that moves and is highly endangered. This species are called dinards. They mostly inhabit in South America, in moist caves or underground. Dinards are endangered animals because they eat their own kind, along with many other different species and plants. They are quite large for being able to fly. Their bones are light and hallow, built for flying. They have a wingspan of ten feet and from tip of the head to the tip of the tail, they are about eight feet. The South Americans believe that these creatures protect them from the chupacabra, a mythological creature that is said to harm the people and their farm animals. Dinards are very dangerous animals, so please do not get one for a pet.



=Catalase Activity=



1. The results from this activity show that the hydrogen peroxide did not have an effect on the peas. I learned that the peas are not a catalyst. I was surprised to find this out because peas are a vegetable, so i thought that since peas were healthy that they would be a catalyst to help our bodies with digestion. From our results, i can see that many foods didn't have a reaction. However more foods seemed to have a reaction towards the warm hydrogen peroxide. With the warm hydrogen peroxide more enzymes were present to have the food as a catalyst.

3. If peas aren't a catalyst, then what are peas good for in our bodies? Peas are a good source of protein, iron, and insoluble fiber. Therefore, peas help lower the amount of cholesterol and help prevent heart disease. Certain types of peas also contain vitamin C, which help keep your immune system in tune. They are also a good source of potassium and folic acid. Peas not be a catalyst, but they are important to our health.

Information from: http://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/peas1.html http://www.herald-dispatch.com/life/x2102937431/The-tiny-legume-is-bursting-with-nutritional-value

=Biomolecule Activity=

Questions: 1. From our results of this experiment, I found that peas contain starch and lipids. Peas do not contain protein or simple sugars. Tori did the research for the bananas. Other people that have done the research say that it doesn't have lipids and/or has simple sugars. They may have gotten these results because testing for the lipids, it was hard to see the color change and if you didn't watch closely you wouldn't be able to see it. For testing for simple sugars, it says the color would change to green, well peas are already green. Therefore, they may have made the mistake of thinking it changed darker or lighter. 2.From all the results altogether I believe that simple sugars have a catalase reaction. I believe this because for basically every food that contained simple sugars seemed to have a catalase reaction. The other foods that didn't contain this, did not seem to have a reaction. 3. From what I observed in class during this experiment, I learned that the meat bubbled up more than other foods. The meat, such as the liver and the ground beef, bubbled up the most. The meat was raw; therefore, it contained blood. I believe that the blood is what makes it bubble up.

=Biomolecule Webquest= A. 1. Heat speeds up the reaction of molecules. 2. In smaller the surface area, there is more of a reaction. The larger the surface area, there is less of a reaction. 3. When there is high concentration, there are more reactions. When there is a low concentration, there are less reactions.

B. 1. Proteins make up enzymes. 2. The shape of an enzyme is what determines it’s functions. 3. Denaturing is when an enzyme ends up in high temperatures or extreme ph balance. This process will make an enzyme useless or less effective. 4. Without an enzyme, the molecules bounce off each other because they cannot meet at the right angle to bond together. With an enzyme, the molecules can fit against the enzymes and bond together; therefore making a bigger molecule. 5. I think an enzyme helps speed up reactions because instead of the molecules colliding into each other until the bond, they can easily fit into the enzyme, bond, and leave. 6. Enzymes are particular about certain reactions because certain molecules must be bonded to work correctly and perform their tasks. If the wrong molecules bonded, then they could cause harm. 7. The shape of an enzyme is important because it distinguishes the function of that specific enzyme. 8. An enzyme is reusable because as two molecules bond, they move along the enzyme as other molecules attach to form a polymer. 9. Heating an enzyme affects the reactions because the heat destroys the shape of the enzyme causing it to mold into a shape that molecules can’t attach to it. 10. Yes, it will have the same affect because molecules cannot fit into the enzyme anymore. They will not bond unless there is another enzyme that has the same shape.

C. 1. Dehydration is when smaller molecules form a larger one, and during this process a water molecule must be made.Hydrolysis is when you take a larger molecule and break it down into smaller ones, while a water molecule is taken away. 2. From our labs, molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates go through these processes.

D. 1. Proteins are made of amino acids. 2. Condensation is the chemical process in which a protein is formed. 3. Proteins are made from 20 different amino acids, which combine in many different ways.

E. 1. First, enzymes in the mouth break down the substances in the food we eat. Then the food enters the stomach, where acidic juices enter and carbohydrate digestion begins. Next, the food enters the small intestine where it is broken down into glucose and is absorbed to enter the bloodstream.

F. 1. Fat is digested by bile that is stored and released from the liver. Emulsification is what breaks down the fat. This process happens in the digestive tract. This is different from carbohydrates because fat is harder to digest. Fats are harder because they do not dissolve in water and can form together to make a huge mass.

G. 1. A heart attack occurs when a section of a heart muscle cannot pump blood through because it is blocked. A heart attack happens when an artery has a block up of plaque that builds up over the years.

H. 1. Primary structure: The structure is a simple jagged horizontal line, with small vertical lines attach throughout the line. 2. Secondary structure: Is much like the primary structure, however the line is curved. 3. Tertiary structure: The structure is one coil with twirled lines on the outside. 4. Quartemary structure: This structure is highly coiled with two different colors, two coils are thicker than the other two.

=Photosynthesis Vocabulary=


 * Autotrophs-** are prokaryote or eukaryote cells
 * Photosynthetic eukaryotes-** eukaryotes that use the sun as a source of energy
 * Chemosynthetic prokaryotes-** prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions like ocean vents and get energy from chemical oxidation
 * Oxidation-** adding an oxygen to compound, with the loss of electrons
 * Heterotrophs-** rely on prokaryotes, eukaryotes (autotrophs) or other heterotrophs for a source of energy
 * Light independent reactions-** require light for a reaction
 * Chlorophyll-** a green pigment responsible for capturing light which is used in the photosynthesis process.
 * Thylakoid-** disc like structure that contains chlorophyll
 * Grana-** a gel kind of substance that surrounds a thylakoid
 * Stroma-** stacks of thylakoids
 * ATP-** stands for adenosine triphosphate, it is one of the major sources of energy for cellular reactions
 * NADPH-** stands for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, is used for anabolic reactions
 * Wavelength-** the difference between two points in consecutive cycles
 * Protistans-** a eukaryotic group
 * Organic-** a substance that has a carbon compound
 * Inorganic-** a substance that does not have a carbon compound
 * Chemical energy-** energy formed through a chemical process
 * Electron transport chain-** couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor and an electron acceptor
 * Photolysis-** water is split in a reaction

=Photosynthesis Webquest=

1. Photosynthesis is when an organism takes energy, such as light, and turns it into food. 2. Green plants, bacteria, and protistans can carry out photosynthesis. 3. The equation is 6H(2)+6CO(2)=C(6)H(12)O(6)+6O(2). It means that six water molecules plus six carbon dioxide molecules make one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen. 4. A. Water and Carbon dioxide are the raw materials used for photosynthesis. B. The products are the simple sugar glucose and oxygen. C. Solar energy is needed for this process. 5. A. Photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid. B. The epidermal cell and the mesophyll cells are involved in this process. C. The chloroplast is the organelle involved in photosynthesis. 6. The stomata in the plant absorbs the water and carbon dioxide and sends it to the right place. 7. A stroma is a gel-like substance that surrounds the thylakoid. The Calvin’s cylce is found in the stroma. The Calvin’s cycle is the second part of photosynthesis; therefore, making the stroma important. 8. Thylakoids are found chloroplast. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll which is needed in photosynthesis. Stroma surrounds the thylakoid, it also holds the Calvin’s cycle, which is very important in photosynthesis because it forms carbohydrates. Grana are stacks of thylakoids, which basically have the same function. Photosystems are clusters of pigments that are inside the grana. The pigment clusters help collect light. 9. Light reactions is the first part of photosynthesis, it is found in the thylakoid. 10. In the light reactions phase, energy is made into ATP and NADPH, then water is split; therefore, releasing oxygen. 11. The second part of photosynthesis is the Calvin cycle, it is located in the stroma of the chloroplast. 12. Energy carriers such as the ATP and NADPH are sent from the light reaction. Then carbon dioxide is captured and combined with the hydrogen to make carbohydrates. 13. Yes, the two parts of photosynthesis are linked because in the first part, it creates energy carriers such as the ATP and the NADPH. These energy carriers are sent to the second part to make carbohydrates. 14. No, the equation does not tell the whole process of photosynthesis. The equation does not say that energy carriers where formed or that the water and carbon dioxide when through the stroma and the thylakoid.

=Light intensity Activity=


 * Pigment Color || % of ATP || ATP created in 60 sec. || Light Intensity || Wavelength ||
 * Blue || 65 || 6 || 200 || 400 ||
 * Black || 10 || 2 || 200 || 525 ||
 * Yellow || 12 || 2 || 200 || 575 ||
 * Red || 3 || 1 || 200 || 750 ||
 * Best Results || 100 || 10 || 200 || 425 ||

Research: []
 * Light intensity**- is a source of radiation in which is made into heat to help processes.

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 * Wavelength and energy-** wavelength is determined by the color of light

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 * Pigment colors-** any substance that absorbs light. Chlorophyll pigments can absorb all light besides green. The green is reflected back, making us see that it is green. Black can absorb all lights. White pigment reflects all light.

Questions:

1. Light intensity is basically what simulates the energy for photosynthesis. The more you increase the light intensity the more ATP will be created. Wavelength is the energy to perform photosynthesis. The shorter the wavelength the more energy you would have compared to a long strand of wavelength. From the simulation, we saw that the lower the wavelength and the higher the light intensity the more ATP were created.

=Lab Analysis for Yeast Experiment=

1. State 2 clear, concise conclusions derived from the analysis of the results from the experiments in your class. 1. When there is more sugar in the solution the less carbon dioxide is produced. 2. The 5% solution had the best results, as in more carbon dioxide was produced.

2. What was the dependent and independent variables in the experiment? Explain. Sugar and water are dependent because they change. The independent variable is the yeast and the water temperature is independent because they stayed the same. Since the sugar changed this caused the different results.

3. According to the experimental data, what kind of environment do yeast prefer? How did the sugar concentration change the result? Explain. Yeast prefers a moist, warm environment. The sugar either caused the yeast to not grow enough or for it to grow more, depending on the amount of sugar. The sugar is the yeast’s food. When you get just the right amount of sugar the yeast will grow at a sufficient rate. When you don’t get enough or too much the sugar, the yeast cannot grow.

4. How did the amount of rising change with the different types of sugar solutions used? The 3% sugar raised the most. The 5% sugar was adequate, and the 10% of sugar solution raised the least. 5. What kind of respiration did the yeast carry out in the experiment? Explain. It carried out aerobic respiration because it took in oxygen to create carbon dioxide.



=DNA=



DNA replication is a very important process for survival of an organism. The DNA strand is double helix, so its shaped like a spiral staircase. The strand unwinds and the hydrogen bonds are broken between the hydrogen bases. This causes the DNA to split and allows the proper nitrogen bases to bond together. This causes a new DNA strand to form. This occurs as the interphase part of mitosis.

=Cell Portfolio=

Osmosis: H2O traverses through cell membrane.

=Disease and Genetics Project=

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