Lana+M.

=toc= =Genetic Disease= 1. What causes this condition? (There are two ways to look at this one - In terms of DNA, what causes the irregularity, and also, what can trigger this genetic change?) This condition is caused by genes and environmental factors. Also people with depression and more likely to get alzheimers. The disease is linked to chromosome 19, the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene. This gene creates apoE. There are three forms of apoE, if chromosome 19 makes the first kind, then you have an increased risk of getting alzheimers. If you make one of the last two forms than you are protected from having alzheimers. It is unknown why people make different forms of apoE. 2. How is it diagnosed? In order to confirm alzheimers the person must have an autopsy. There form most of the time people are diagnosed through process of elimination. 3. Who gets this disorder? Discuss percentages, subgroups of people, etc. Is the disorder genetic in nature or is it caused by something environmental? Any one can get Alzheimers. People usually get it when there are around 60, but some people get it as early as 45. The order is believed to be both genetic and environmental. Currently there is much research being done about what exactly causes alzheimers. 4. What are the symptoms of this disorder? Memory loss, nervousness, sadness, 6. What level is your disorder? Use this [|chart]. 3

=Cell Portfolio=

=DNA Replication= Key: Red Squares: sugars Blue Circles: phosphates Purple lines: hydrogen bonds Light blue C: cytosine Green G: Guanine Orange A: Adenine Pink T: Thymine 1.) DNA has been straighten out and is ready to be split 2.) The DNA begins to spilt 3.) DNA is completely split 4.) Nitrogen bases are created and attached one by one to the two strands of DNA 5.) The two new DNA are complete each has received and new right or left side. 6.) DNA replication occurs in the S phase of interphase. Telomeres- the end of DNA that slowly get smaller as we get older okazaki fragments- sections on the lagging strand of DNA that are connected later. dna ligase- what the okazaki fragments later telomerase- enzyme that helps cancer cells maintain their telomere length cancer- cells that telomeres never shorten transplanted cells- cells that are removed from the body then changed so that the cells fit the body’s needs the cells are then replaced back into the person cloning- cells taken from another organism then grown in a culture to produce a copy of the organism aging- the gradual shortening of telomeres.

=Respiration Analysis=

Conclusions: 1. Yeast uses fermentation 2. Bread bakes best when there is not too much or too little sugar put in it. The dependant variables were the size of the bread, and the size of the balloon. It was also how much the yeast performed fermentation. The independent variable was the amount of sugar solution. Yeast prefers a warm, moist environment with a good food source. This showed when the dough balls where lying in the sun. They were warm, and still moist because of the damp paper towel, and they had sugar to eat. During this time the dough balls rose a bit. Also in the oven the yeast was in a good environment for a time, when the dough first went in the oven they performed most of the fermentation and the bread greatly increased in size for the 5 and 10 percent sugar solution dough. However, the 5 percent rose higher. For the 3 percent solution the dough did not rise very much. The yeast did not have enough to eat For the 10 percent solution the dough rose more than the 3 percent. It made decent looking bread, but it was not as big as the five percent. Perhaps because the yeast had too much to eat? However the 10% balloon was bigger than the 5% balloon. Why? The 5 percent rose the most. Yeast carried out fermentation. We know this because yeast created CO2 and ethanol when it was baked. This is a form of fermentation. This is the bread after it was taken out of the oven. the bread being let to set in the sun. 3% yeast balloon.

10% balloon. 5% balloon. =Photosynthesis Webquest= 1. What is photosynthesis? The process by which plants and some other things turn sunlight into food 2. What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis? List 3 groups. Plants, algae, and bacteria, euglena 3. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What is the translation for the chemical equation? 6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O6+6O2 carbon dioxide plus water combine to form glucose and oxygen 4. Look at your equation in number 3 and answer the following questions: a. What are the raw materials or reactants needed to carry out photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide and water b. What are the products of photosynthesis? Glucose and oxygen c. What energy source is needed in the reaction? Light 5. Consider a plant as the photosynthetic organism. a. In what part of the plant does photosynthesis occur? In the leaves by the chloroplasts b. What specific cells are involved? Mesophyll cells c. What specific organelle is involved? chloroplasts 6. How does the plant get the raw materials needed for photosynthesis to the plant part where photosynthesis occurs? Through the xylem and phloem and the stoma. brings up water from the roots/ 7. What is a stoma and of what value is the stoma to the plant in its efforts to carry out photosynthesis? Stoma are the tiny pores on a leaf that let carbon dioxide enter the plant. This is important for photosynthesis because carbon dioxide is needed for the process to take place

8. Explore the organelle that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis. What are found inside the organelle and how do these parts aid in the process of photosynthesis? Thylakoids are folded layers that have chlorophylls and other pigments lining it. It aids photosynthesis because it is were the light reactions take place. 9. What is the first part of photosynthesis called and where does it occur? The light reaction and it occurs in the thylakoids 10. What exactly happens in the first part of photosynthesis? Light hits the pigments in the thylakoids which cause electrons to get hit off. The electrons then go to provide energy for photosynthesis 11. What is the second part of photosynthesis called and where does it happen? Dark reactions which happen in the stroma 12. What happens in the second part of photosynthesis? Enzymes take carbon from carbon dioxide and combine it with hydrogen and oxygen to make a PGAL. 13. Are the two parts of photosynthesis connected? If so, explain the connection. Yes because the stroma uses the electron which was hit off during the light reaction 14. Does the chemical equation that you listed in number 3 tell the entire story of the process of photosynthesis? Why or why not? Yes because it accounts for all of the molecules even if it does not go in depth. no because it is much more complicated than that. It does not talk about ATP being made. = Light Activity = All tests took 20 seconds
 * Light intensity and wavelength || Maximal % ATP || Number of ATP ||
 * 0, 450 || 0 || 0 ||
 * 40, 450 || 3% || 1 ||
 * 80, 450 || 6% || 1 ||
 * 120, 450 || 9% || 1 ||
 * 160, 450 || 12% || 1 ||
 * 200, 450 || 15% || 1 ||
 * 40, 400 || 13% || 1 ||
 * 80, 400 || 26% || 1 ||
 * 120, 400 || 39% || 2 ||
 * 160, 400 || 52% || 2 ||
 * 200, 400 || 65% || 3 ||
 * 200, 650 || 85% || 3 ||

Light intensity is important for photosynthesis because the more light a plant absorbs the more energy it can make from the sunlight. This showed in the simulation because when the sunlight was highest the plant made more energy. Wavelength is important because the color of the wavelength effects how well the plant perform photosynthesis. The chloroplasts work best at 400 and 650 wavelength which is blue and red in the color spectrum. This is reflected in the graph. I learned that 650 is the best wavelength for photosynthesis to take place in plants. Pigment colors are related to wavelength and photosynthesis because they react better to certain colors on the wavelength which makes them react better in photosynthesis.

=Biomolecules Webquest= A. [|http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/cgi-bin/splitwindow.cgi?top=http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/top2.html&link=http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/Animations/rates of reaction.html] It reacts faster. It reacts faster. It speeds up and is more hectic.
 * Biomolecules Webquest: **
 * 1) Explain how heat affects the rate of reaction.
 * 1) Explain how surface area affects the rate of reaction.
 * 1) Explain how concentration affects the rate of reaction.

B. Go to the following site: [] proteins The shape When high temperatures or extreme pH values affect enzyme molecules and change their shape rendering them useless Without an enzyme the molecules have to bounce around until they come together at the right angle. With an enzyme the process goes much more quickly. The enzyme attracts the molecules and then forces them into the right angle to form a bond. It would speed up a reaction because they body no longer has to wait for bonds to break, or for two molecules to hit at just the right angle. They do it automatically and quickly. It lowers the activation energy which is the energy required for the action to happen. Because they are simple organisms that can only fit the type of molecule that they were made for. It shows what function the enzyme does. If the shape is changed the enzyme can be rendered useless. Because they speed up reactions without being changed themselves and if the enzyme was used up after one use then it would be changed in the reaction and thus not a catalyst and thus not an enzyme. It denatures the enzyme meaning that it can no longer function. It can also, before it denatures, it make it react faster. Yes because it changes the structure forever
 * 1) What types of molecules make up enzymes?
 * 1) What determines the function of an enzyme?
 * 1) What is denaturing?
 * 1) Describe how a reaction takes place without an enzyme and then with an enzyme.
 * 1) Explain how you think an enzyme might speed up a reaction.
 * 1) Explain why you think enzymes are so particular about reactions.
 * 1) How is the shape of an enzyme important?
 * 1) Explain how you know an enzyme is reusable.
 * 1) How does heating an enzyme affect its function?
 * 1) Does heating an enzyme always have the same effect when the catalyst needs to act on a substance? Explain.

C. Go to: [] [] Condensation bonds molecules together. Hydrolysis breaks them apart. The hydrogen peroxide from the catalase lab underwent hydrolysis. Proteins, lipids, nucleic acid, and carbohydrates.
 * 1) Explain the difference between hydrolysis and condensation (dehydration).
 * 1) Which molecules from our labs undergo these reactions?

D. [] amino acids Condensation. A ribosome catalyzes the reaction between amino acids and bond them through condensation which cause them to form peptide bonds, but lose a water molecule.
 * 1) What are proteins made of?
 * 1) What chemical process creates the proteins?
 * 1) Describe how proteins are made in detail. Sketch a picture.

E. [] Enzymes in the mouth and the small intestine break down carbs in to glucose. Once the food reaches the stomach digestion starts by use of gastric juices, the carbs leave the stomach once the stomach becomes to acidic. In the small intestine the carbs are broken down into simple sugars and absorbed by the bloodstream.
 * 1) Describe step by step how your body breaks down carbohydrates. Make sure to specify the function of each organ during the steps.

F. [] The liver creates bile which is stored in the gall bladder. Bile has a duel nature which is attracted to both water and fat at the same time, making the fat molecules stay suspended in water to they do not glom together and can be broken down. This is different from carbs because carbs do not require bile to be digested. Fat is a really large molecule. They hold the most energy per lipid.
 * 1) How is fat digested? How is this different from carbohydrates? Be sure to discuss the organs, substances, and enzyme responsible.

G. [] They occur when plaque builds up on the sides of artery walls and eventually block off the artery.
 * 1) How do heart attacks occur?

H. []

Describe in your own words using any of the images from the above link and draw a picture that describes proteins (do not copy and paste from images):
 * 1) Primary structure- chain of amino acids
 * 2) Secondary structure-the chain is folded
 * 3) Tertiary structure-it is flipped and slightly puffed up
 * 4) Quarternary structure-it is turned and fully inflated.

=Biomolecules= For the biomolecules I studied egg yolks. Egg yolk were found by the majority to have fats, proteins, and simple sugars. This compares to the catalase test by showing that catalase doesn't interact with protein, simple sugars, or fats. Because egg yolk had no catalase reaction, but they have protein, simple sugars, and lipids this shows that catalase must not react with any of these. Peas which had starch, the one thing that egg yolks lacked had, a low catalase reaction, so catalase doas not react with starch. Therefore catalse does not react with protein, carbs, or lipids. So it must react with some other molecule as show in the link below. From this activity I found that catalase reacts with none of the biomolecules. This was shown by comparing the charts below and the ones in the catalase activity. And alo the information above and below. =Catalase= For the catalase activity I studied egg yolks. When I conducted the Catalase experiment the egg yolk solution had a reaction power of 1 each time. The spreadsheet of results also showed this. The average for the egg yolk at each temperature was 1. I learned that avocados break down hydrogen peroxide very efficiently. From the graphs I can conclude that catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide most efficiently at room temperature. This is shown in the graph because the the blue bars tends to be longer than the other bars. I can also conclude fruits have more catalase than vegetables and softer fruits have more than harder fruits. I can also determine that animal organs and meat have more catalase than animal products(milk and eggs). All this is shown by the graphs.

A question that I have after this experiment is why do softer fruits have more of a reaction? Softer fruits have more of a reaction because they have more catalase which is what is making them soft. Catalase causes softening in fruits and vegetables. So the fruit is so soft because it has catalase which is why it reacted so strongly to the hydrogen peroxide. [] Green is warm, Red is cold, Blue is room temp. =Create an organism= == Scientific Journal Observations of a new species—volucris lupine November 10th, 2009

We found the volucris lupine living in large, dark caves. Due to this it appears to have no eyes because it has no need for them in the dark recesses of the caves. It has six strong legs that it uses to cover the distance between it and its prey quickly. It also has a different type of transportation at its disposal. It has a pair of huge, feathered wings that it uses to glide across chasms. The pelt of the volucris lupine is drained of all color, a milk-like shade of white. Occasionally we have found one with silver markings. These creatures can reach the size of a large bear. Volucris lupine tend to be very territorial. During one of our explorations we ventured too close to a burrow and were driven away. We were not allowed near that site for the rest of our time in the caves. They seem to live either alone or in small packs of two to three. These creatures are slow to trust and communicate to each other through a system of roars, barks, and howls. When threatened the volucris lupine snarls, pulls back its ears, and fluffs up its fur in an attempt to appear larger and more intimidating. These animals are extremely good swimmers and tend to gather around underground lakes. The volucris lupine is a carnivore. It hunts rats, bats, fish, and other animals that live in the caves. It has an extremely good sense of smell and hearing and is able to track and bring down prey without the use of sight. This animal can also pick up vibrations though its paw pads that allow it to discern the location of its prey. This made it very hard to observe them because they could tell whenever we came close. It is able to run and fly almost soundlessly.

= = =Redbud= Information gathered from [|http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/DENDROLOGY/SYLLABUS/factsheet.cfm?ID=43,][]
 * 1) Name- Eastern Redbud
 * 2) Scientific Name//-Cercis canadensis//
 * 3) Organisms that infect the tree- Gray Mold, wood rots and decay, two marked treehopper
 * 4) Provides habitat or food for-Yellow bellied sapsuckers eat the redbud tree. Humans also eat the tree's flowers and pods.
 * 5) It is related to other flowering trees such as the Dogwood, crabapple, and the magnolia.
 * 6) Commercial use-It is used in landscaping.
 * 7) Twig characteristics-Thin and zigzagging with small dark red leaf buds and round clustered flower buds.
 * 8) Where in the world is it found-Eastern North America and Canada. It is native to PA.
 * 9) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class.

Photo by Flickr user Patty_Prit = = =Live Oak= Information gathered from []. [|http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=78][]
 * 1) Name- Live Oak
 * 2) Scientific Name- //Quercus virginiana//
 * 3) Organisms that infect the tree- webworms, leaf spot fungus, Oak Timberworm, Twig Pruner
 * 4) Provides habitat or food for- Spainish moss, wild turkey, wood ducks, white tailed deer, raccoons and squirrels.
 * 5) The Live Oak is related to all other oak trees. Such as the white, red and the northern pin oak.
 * 6) Commercial use-The wood of the Live Oak is used in posts and structural beams. It was also used in shipbuilding.
 * 7) Twig characteristics- Thin and gray with many tiny, terminal buds with blunt ends.
 * 8) Where in the world is it found-The Live Oak is found in the South Eastern part of the United States. It is not native to PA.
 * 9) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class.

Photo by flickr user justbelightful =[|My Blog]= =My Blabberize= media type="custom" key="4460343"

=About Me= My name is Lana and my favorite subjects are history, english, and science. I enjoy reading and writing in my spare time. I love animals. I also like to draw, but I am not very good at it. I like to travel.