Charlie+Waffles

Ciera B. and Lauren W. =toc External Anatomy=

Ventral View:
==

**Ventral Terms:**
Abdomen: between the thorax an pelvis Medial: the middle Caudal: the end Cranial: the skull Umbilical Cord: a cord connecting the embryo to the placenta of the mother Mammary Papillae: the teats

**Lateral Terms:**
Dorsal: the upper part of the body Ventral: the belly Anterior: the front end Posterior: the back end Pectoral: the chest Pelvic: the pelvis Head: the upper part of the body Trunk: the main part of the body Thorax: between the head and the abdomen

Other Vocab Terms:
Proximal: closest to the point of reference Distal: furthest away point of reference Lateral: toward the side Left: the left side of the pig Right: the right side of the pig

= Eye Anatomy =

Eye Vocab:
Eye: the organ that detects light Eyelid: a thin fold of skin that can cover and protect the eye Pinnae: the visible part of the ear Nicitating Membrane: a transparent third eyelid

=Female Anatomy=

Female Vocab:
Anus: the opposite end of the mouth on the digestive tract Urogenital Opening: the area where reproductive fluids and body waste is are released into the environment Urogenital Papillae: allows the female pig to urinate

=Male Anatomy=

Male Vocab:
Scrotal Sac: a sac-like selling that contains the testes. Urogenital Opening: opening where waste is released to the environment

=Umbilical Cord Anatomy:=

Umbilical Cord Vocab:
Vein: blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart Artery: blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

=Legs Anatomy=

Leg Vocab:
Ankle: the joint that connects the leg and foot Knee: joint that connects the thigh and the leg Wrist: joint that connects the hand and the arm Elbow: joint that connects the forearm and the upperarm Toe: pigs walk on their tip toes which means they are unguligrade

=External Questions:= 7. Research and discuss the function of the umbilical veins and arteries (distinguish between the two). The function of the umbilical veins are to carry blood to the fetus while it is in the mothers whom. The arteries carry the blood back to the mother's heart. 8. Do both sexes have mammary papillae? Explain. Yes they both do, the female has them so when she has her young ones then they can get the milk from her so they can grow nice and strong. Males have them because all the pigs are built the same but later develop into the parts such as the scrotal sacs that distinguish male from female. 9. How many mammary papillae are present in the fetal pig? There are 10 mammary papillae in the fetal pig they are on the bottom part of the pig by its umbilical cord. 10. Compare and contrast the fore limb and the hind lib of the pig to the fore limb and hind limb of the human. Include presence of joints and the movement of the limbs in your description. A pig's and human's limbs are similar because they both have joints such as an ankle and knee. Differences are that humans have more functions available such as carrying objects with opposable thumbs. The forearms are similar because they have the joints that we do such as the elbow and wrist. They are different because pigs walk on their forearms and we don't.

=Mouth and Gland Anatomy=

Mouth Vocab:
Epiglottis: flap of cartilage attached to the tongue that covers the glottis Glottis: the center part of the larynx Gullet: esophagus Nasopharynx: the upper part of the pharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate Soft Palate: soft tissue on the roof of the mouth Hard Palate: hard tissue on the roof of the mouth Nare: nostrils Tongue: muscle on the floor of the mouth, the primary organ of taste Taste Buds: small structures on the tongue, soft palate, esophagus, and epiglottis that gives the information on the food being eaten Vestibule: body cavity resembling as an entrance to another space Uvula: the appendage that hangs in the back of the mouth that closes the nasopharynx during swallowing

Mouth Questions:
3. The glottis, gullet and epiglottis are located very close to each other. Explain the relationship between the structure and the openings. The glottis and the epiglottis are very close to each other. In matter of fact the epiglottis covers the glottis. The glottis is the tube to the trachea and the epiglottis covers the glottis so that food and water can’t go down and block the airways. The gullet is a tube that goes down to the stomach. 4. Discuss the tongue and that location of the taste buds. A picture and labels needs to be included. The taste buds help the pig and any other animal taste something if its good bad etc. The taste buds are located on the tongue the tongue is located in the mouth. 5. Which jaw(s) have teeth in the pig? When do the teeth start erupting? The both of the jaws have teeth and their teeth start to erupt while they are still fetal we no this because our pigs are unborn and they have teeth ==

Glands Vocab:
Parotid Gland: largest of the salivary glands, found below the exterior ear Submaxillary Gland: found under the floor of the mouth, these glands account for 70% of the salivary volume Wharton's Duct: drains the saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands to the base of the tongue

Glands Chart:
=Skin Anatomy=
 * Glands || Structure || Description || Function ||
 * Parotid || Parotid Gland || Popcorn that has been flattened and watered || Creates 50% of the daytime saliva ||
 * Submaxillary || Submaxillary Gland || The bottom of a tooth || It moves the saliva throughout the mouth ||
 * Wharton's Duct. || Wharton's Duct. Gland || A candy apple || It drains the saliva from the two glands at the base of the tongue ||

= =

S kin Questions:
1. How thick is the skin? We would say that it is about 1/16 of an inch. 2.What attaches the skin to the body of the pig? The cutaneus maximus muscle is the muscle that attaches the skin to the muscle. 3.Discuss the function of the pig's skin. The function of the pig skin is so that they can keep the pig warm. Also to help protect the muscles, veins, and internal organs. So the pig's skin is very important its like an essential organ.

=Muscle Anatomy=

Muscle Vocab:
Joint: the place where two parts of the body are joined Extensor: muscle that extends a part of the body Flexor: muscle that flexes a part of the body Origin: the starting place of the muscle Insertion: the place where the muscle goes into Belly: the middle part of the front of the body located between the breastbone and pelvis Tendon: a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects a muscle to bone Fascia: tissue that extends from the head to toes Antagonistic pairs: when one muscle flexes the other relaxes Adductor: a muscle moving toward the axis of the body Abductor: a muscle moving away from the axis of the body

Muscle Chart:

 * Muscle Type || Description || Function || Example ||
 * Cardiac Muscle || String with bacon on it || To help the heart pump || heart ||
 * Smooth Muscle || String lined up and they are all going the same way || To help the organism move air and blood || Stomach ||
 * Striated Muscle || A painting with stripes on it || Helps the animal to move || Muscles on the bones ||


 * Muscle || Origin || Insertion || Function ||
 * External Oblique || Its located by the ribs || Along the under part of the ribs || It helps the pig move it's legs ||
 * Internal Oblique || Just located below the External Oblique (lower back) || Under and above ribs || Helps the pig move its back part of the pig ||
 * Transversus || Lower leg and under the lower spine || mid-section || compresses the ribs ||
 * Triceps Brachii || upper back part of the front leg || top section of the front legs || extends the forelimb ||
 * Biceps Brachii || upper front part of the front leg || into the radius || extends the forelimb ||
 * Brachialis || proximal portion of the humerous || proximal portion of the ulna || flexes the lower leg ||
 * Biceps Femoris || from the ischium || lower end of the femur upper part of the tibia || abducts thigh and flexes shank ||
 * Gluteus Medius || lumbodorsal fascia and fascia of the hip || into the proximal end of the femur || abducts thigh ||
 * Semimembranous || ischium || distal end of the femur and proximal end of the tibia || extends the thigh ||
 * Semitendinosus || first caudal vertebrate and ischium || into the upper end of the tibia || flexes the shank ||
 * Digital Flexors || proximal end of the tibia and fibula || onto the digits || flexes digits ||
 * Digital Extensors || proximal ends of the tibia and fibula || metatarsals || flexes ankle ||

=Digestive System=



Digestive Chart

 * Structure || Description || Function ||
 * Liver || Shield || Stores substances like Glucose ||
 * Gall Bladder || Discus || Stores bile or waste ||
 * Esophagus || A wide straw || Carries food, liquids, and saliva from mouth to stomach ||
 * Thyroid Gland || A huge mole || It controls how fast you use energy, proteins, and your hormones ||
 * Pancreas || An upside down heart || It makes and stores hormones it also helps to break down the food for the small intestine ||
 * Pyloris || A tiny straw || Its in the stomach that connects the duodenum ||
 * Small Intestine || A mount of worms || This is where most of the digestion takes place ||
 * Colon || A long snake || It removes the water from the food thats left over from the small intestine ||
 * Rectum || A fat leech || It leads all of the waste to the anus for it to be removed ||
 * Spleen || A fat worm || Removes old red cells and holds them in case of emergency ||


 * Structure || Description || Function ||
 * Mucosa || Sea Weed || Line body organs ||
 * Villi || Inside of a lava lamp || They are like little hairs that absorb food faster ||
 * Lumen || Stretched eyes || It helps filter the food through the small intestine ||
 * Rugae || A worm || Allows the organs to expand and shrink like the stomach ||
 * Meconium || Thick tar like || It allows the body to get rid of extra and or bad waste ||

Digestive System Questions:
5. There are five lobes on the lungs three on the right and two on the left. The ones on the right are the Superior lobe, Inferior lobe, and the Middle lobe. The two on the left are the Superior Lobe and they Inferior. This is because the right side has to transfer more oxygen to the body then the left. 6. The relationship between the liver and the gal bladder is that the liver creates waste and the gall bladder hold it and releases it to be used. 7. The three sections of the small intestine is the Jejunum, Ileum, and Duadenum. 8. There is not a very much difference, because they work the same way.

=Respiratory **System** =
 * Structure || Description || Function ||
 * Epiglottis || A hot dog || It helps so that nothing that is not supposed to be in the troat dosn't go down there ||
 * Larynx || A goldfish || It protects your voice this is also known as the voice box ||
 * Vocal Cord || An apple || Helps us speak ||
 * Trachea || A long tube || A tube whree air goes in and voice goes out ||
 * Lobes of lungs || A spaceship || It makes us breath ||
 * Bronchial Tubes || Lots of string thats spread throughout the Lobes of lungs || Carries the oxygen to the lungs ||
 * Alveoli || Golf balls all clumped together || Changes around gases ||

Respiratory Questions:
4. How many lobes make up each lobe what are they called? Three lobes make up the right side of the lungs and two on the left. The three on the right are called Superior lobe, Inferior lobe, and the Middle lobe. The ones on the left are the Superior lobe and the Inferior lobe. so all together there are five lobes. 5. How many vocal cords did you see inside the larynx? compare with two other groups and compare the number of vocal cords visible. We found two vocal cords in the larynx. The first group, Canadian Baconator, found four vocal cords. The second group, Curly, found two vocal cords.

=Circulatory System=

Circulatory Questions:
6. Which is the ventricle has the greatest muscle mass? The left ventricle has the greater muscle mass. 7. To what chamber is the pulmonary artery connected? It is connected to the right ventricle chamber. 8. To what chamber is the aorta connected to? It is connected to the left ventricle chamber. 9. What is the largest artery in the body and contains blood under the greatest pressure? The largest artery is the aorta. 10. What is the difference between an artery and a vein? The artery carries the blood away from the blood and the vein brings it back. The artery carries oxygenated blood while the veins carry deoxygenated blood.

= = =Urogenital System=

Kidney- There are two of them and they produce urine Urinary Bladder- It gaters the urine and then sends it to the kindey's Ureter- The musculer tube that transfers the urine to the Urinary Bladder Urethra- Its the tube where all of the wastes comes out Ovary- They are a reproductive organ Oviduct- This is what the egg travels through Uterus- It holds your baby when your pregnant Uterine Horn- It connects the Uterus and the Uterine Tubes Cervix- Its the lower part of the uterus Birth Canal- Its where the baby comes out Testes- The male reproductive organ Vas Deferens- Moves sperm Epididymis- It is a tiny tube and it is part of the male reproductive system Seminal Vesicles- Tubular glands in the male Prostrate- Exocrine gland in the male reprodtuctive system Scrotum- It holds the muscles and testies Cortex- the outer layer of the skin Medulla- The insides of organs

6. Why are reproductive and excretory systems studied together? Because they do basicly do the same thing. 7. What is the main purpose of the excretory system? It cleans out the body of extra or bad waste. 8. What is the main purpose of the reproductive system? The main purpose is so that the species doesn't run out and so their dna gets passed on for a long time. 9. Trace the path of liquid waste through the body of the pig to the external environment. Goes from the stomach, kidneys, ureters, urethra, and then out the body. 10. Trace the path of eggs through the female reproductive system. The egg goes form the ovary to the fallopian tubes and stick to the uterine wall. 11. Trace the path of the sperm through the male reproductive system. The testis produce sperm, the sperms travels to the vas deferens where it is mixed with semen and the travels out the urethra. 12. What system do the terms listed in number 1 and 4 belong to? The terms listed belong to with urination 13. What system do the terms in numbers 2 and 3 belong to? They belong to the reproductive 14. The adrenal gland is closely associated with the kidney. Describe, state the gland's fuctions and list the system that the gland belongs to. They belong to the reproductive glands and they are shaped like a star.