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[|My Blog]
=About Me= I love cheerleading. Cheering is my life i have been doing it for about 6 years. I was in A.J Parise when i first started cheering. I was in A.J for about 4 years. i don't have a lot of friends, but the ones I have are the only friends i need. I am an average girl, I go to the movies with my friends. I like to go shopping, and "scout" boys. When i grow up i want to be a C.S.I. (Crime Scene Investigator). I think it will be a cool job and a good experience. I have a few years of school left but that's not going to stop me. I want to go to a good college, to get to be a C.S.I. If that doesn't work out my plan b will be......i don't have a plan b yet, but i will think of one sooner or later.

=Witch Hazel= ([])
 * 1) name-Witch Hazel
 * 2) scientific name-Hamamelis Virginiana
 * 3) Organism that infects tree-galls from 2 types aphids
 * 4) Provides habitat or food for... (don't guess, research)-food for deer, habitat for birds
 * 5) Justify classification of tree to related trees - create classification scheme as a class, identify related species-a genus of flowering plants, in the family of hamamelideceae
 * 6) Commercial use of tree-medicinal for the skin
 * 7) Twig characteristics-zig-zag shaped, hairy light brown buds on the ends.
 * 8) Where tree is found in the world (native to pa?)-yes,North Carolina,Ohio,Oklahoma,Rhode Island,South Carolina,Tennessee,Texas,
 * 9) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class.-

=Box Elder= ([])
 * 1) name-Box Elder
 * 2) scientific name-Acer Negundo
 * 3) Organism that infects tree-Fuller Rose Beetle, catepillers, mites, box elder bugs,psyllids,mulberry whiteflies,scale, bagworms
 * 4) Provides habitat or food for... (don't guess, research)-
 * 5) Justify classification of tree to related trees - create classification scheme as a class, identify related species-plantea
 * 6) Commercial use of tree-pulp and rough lumber
 * 7) Twig characteristics-smooth and covered with a waxy film,giving it a shiny green purple color
 * 8) Where tree is found in the world (native to pa?)-yes,Canadian northwest territories, as far north as Fort Simpson
 * 9) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class.

=Blabberize= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/images/061010-new-bird_big.jpg

media type="custom" key="4474923"

=Create an Organism=

This organism lives in water and land. It was just discovered it is called a Whit. It is part duck and part fish. It is a predator and a pey. It has scales, and gills, it also has lungs so i can breathe on land as wall. It feeds on dead or decayed organisms. It is related to the hagfish, snakes, freshwater fish, etc. It is bilateral, it swims to get around, it has a heart to pump blood through its body. This organism is the "oddball." It has a jaw, but was formed from jawless fish. It is a vertebrate, and it reproduces the same as freshwater fish, spawning. It needs to keep a normal temperature to adapt to different places. Can you figure out what phylum this organism belongs to?

=Catalase Activity= The results for the milk were all ones in warm, cold, and room temperature hydrogen peroxide. For the egg yolk it was also all ones. For the egg white we got ones for the cold and room temperature hydrogen peroxide and a two for the warm hydrogen peroxide. The thing that surprised me the most would have to be that the reactions for the food was no higher than a two. When the enzymes in the warm hydrogen peroxide were put into the milk the milks enzymes and the cold and room temperature hydrogen peroxides enzymes did nothing, as the same for the egg white and yolk. Although the warm hydrogen peroxide had a reaction with enzymes in the egg white, but not the egg yolk or milk.



Why did we use hydrogen peroxide in this activity? When hydrogen peroxide enters the active site it interacts with the amino acids. This caused a proton to transfer between the oxygen atoms. Freeing now formed water molecules and reacts with another hydrogen peroxide molecule to form, and produce water and oxygen. The rate of reaction can ve determined by the Michaelis-Menten equation. []

=Biomolecules Activty= The kind of biomolecules that were in the food that I tested was simple sugars and proteins in the egg yolk. For the milk there was starch, proteins and fat. The egg white just had proteins. Yes, because, whatever the food, what matters is the bimolecules in it. If biomolecules are in a food it well react the same way as it would in any other kind of food. So technically the reason food has an effect on the different reactions is there are different biomolecules in all different types of food. All food has different kinds of biomolecules and they all wont react the same to catalase.
 * Food || Presence of simple sugar || Presence of starch || Presence of proteins || Presence of fat ||
 * Egg white || Absent || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * Egg yolk || Present || Absent || Present || Absent ||
 * Milk || Absent || Present || Present || Present ||

= = =Biomolecules Web Quest=

Heat increases the rate of reaction. All chemical reactions have some activation barrier, which must be surmounted before the reaction can proceed. The added temperature helps to get over this barrier. So heating chemical substances can make the molecules separate and move faster. The solid has a greater surface area so the larger the surface area the faster the reaction will be. The higher level of concentration is a higher rate of reaction. Proteins make up enzymes. The shape of an enzyme is what determines its function. Denaturing is the process in which makes an enzyme less effective, possibly even useless. Without and enzyme they collide and if they don’t collide at the right angle they bounce off of each other until they hit at the right angle. Then they can form a bond. With an enzyme there is a specific one for the simple sugar molecules to fit in. They are attracted to the enzyme and when they are fit in the enzyme they are oriented properly to react and make a larger molecule. Then a bond forms between the molecules linking them together. When the new double sugar molecule leaves the enzyme it is unchanged and can help two more molecules to react. I think an enzyme might speed up a reaction is the enzymes have a specific way the molecules fit and the molecules just fit right one specific way and they are attracted. Without they have a certain angle and they could bounce off back and forth for hours. The shape of an enzyme is important because that shape determines what molecule attaches to it. An enzyme is reusable because when the bond leaves the enzyme two more molecules that can fit into the enzyme can attach to it and make another bond. Condensation reaction is responsible for building large molecules. An enzyme catalyzes the reaction between alcohol groups on adjacent monomer units. This results in the production of a polymer and a molecule of water. A hydrolysis reaction is responsible for breaking down large molecules. An enzyme weakens the bond between two parts of polymer, allowing for the insertion of a water molecule into the bond. This results in the production of monomers. Proteins are made of amino acids. There are twenty different amino acids; which can combine together in an infinite number of combinations to form proteins. When you chew and swallow the food and down your esophagus into your stomach. Enzymes in the mouth and small intestine help to break down carbohydrates to make glucose. Acidic gastric juices are secreted in the stomach. Digestion in the stomach begins. In the stomach, carbohydrate digestion continues until the environment become too acidic. Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose in the small intestine and then absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose cannot enter fat or muscle cells because glucose channels are closed. So glucose cannot be burned for energy in the cells. The pancreas detects an increase in glucose levels in the blood stream and pumps insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin unblocks the cell’s glucose channels so the muscles and cells can take up glucose through the open channels. The glucose level in the bloodstream falls as glucose is taken up by the body cells and muscles. The pancreas detects the falling blood glucose level and switches off secretion of insulin. Glucose is burned up for energy in the body cells. Fats and other lipids do not dissolve in water; instead, they tend to congeal together into large masses. The same thing happens in salad dressing, when the oil and the vinegar are allowed to separate. This separation of lipid and water reduces the effectiveness of fat-digesting enzymes, which are known as lipase. Without extra assistance he lipases would not have access to most of the fat molecules, and fats would pass through the digestive tract without being digested. Using bile solves the problem; a substance produced by the liver and stored by the gallbladder. Bile consists of molecules that have a dual nature. Half of the molecule is attracted to water, and the other half is attracted to fats. The bile molecules therefore place themselves in between the fat and water. In this way the fat droplets remain suspended in water rather than merging together. This process is called emulsification, and is similar to the way that detergents remove grease form dirty dishes. In the digestive tract, emulsification allows lipase to gain access to the fat molecules and thus aids digestion. Heart attacks occur when blood flow to a section of the heart muscle becomes blocked. If the flow of blood isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged from lack of oxygen and begins to die. Primary structure is a long chain of amino acids. Secondary structure is two solid zig zagged sheets of the amino acids linked together by hydrogen bonds.

A. [|http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/cgi-bin/splitwindow.cgi?top=http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/top2.html&link=http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/Animations/rates of reaction.html] B. Go to the following site: [] C. Go to: [] [] D. [] E. [] F. [] G. [] H. []
 * 1) Explain how heat affects the rate of reaction.
 * 2) Explain how surface area affects the rate of reaction.
 * 3) Explain how concentration affects the rate of reaction.
 * 1) What types of molecules make up enzymes?
 * 2) What determines the function of an enzyme?
 * 3) What is denaturing?
 * 4) Describe how a reaction takes place without an enzyme and then with an enzyme.
 * 5) Explain how you think an enzyme might speed up a reaction.
 * 6) Explain why you think enzymes are so particular about reactions.
 * 7) How is the shape of an enzyme important?
 * 8) Explain how you know an enzyme is reusable.
 * 9) How does heating an enzyme affect its function?
 * 10) Does heating an enzyme always have the same effect when the catalyst needs to act on a substance? Explain.
 * 1) Explain the difference between hydrolysis and condensation (dehydration).
 * 2) Which molecules from our labs undergo these reactions?
 * 1) What are proteins made of?
 * 2) What chemical process creates the proteins?
 * 3) Describe how proteins are made in detail. Sketch a picture.
 * 1) Describe step by step how your body breaks down carbohydrates. Make sure to specify the function of each organ during the steps.
 * 1) How is fat digested? How is this different from carbohydrates? Be sure to discuss the organs, substances, and enzyme responsible.
 * 1) How do heart attacks occur?

Describe in your own words using any of the images from the above link and draw a picture that describes proteins (do not copy and paste from images):
 * 1) Primary structure
 * 2) Secondary structure
 * 3) Tertiary structure
 * 4) Quarternary structure

=Annotations Vocabulary=

1. Photosynthesis- this is the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy 2. Biochemical- of or relating to biochemistry; involving chemical processes in living organisms 3. Autotrophs-an organism that can produce complex compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light 4. Photosynthetic-relating to or using formed by photosynthesis 5. Chemosynthetic-synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water; limited to certain bacteria and fungi 6. Chemical oxidation-a chemical process that causes the loss of electrons from an element or ion 7. Methane gas-a chemical compound with the chemical formula, it is the simplest alkane and principal component of natural gas. 8. Heterothrophs-an organism that uses organic carbon for growth 9. Mass-the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field 10. Jan Van Helmont-in 1643 stated that plants gain mass from water intake 11. Joseph Priestley-in 1771 discovered plants release a chemical that keeps a candle burning 12. Jan Ingehousz-in 1779 discovered plants need sunlight to produce oxygen 13. Julius Mayer- in 1845 proposed that plants convert light energy into chemical energy 14. Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen-in 1941 made use of isotopes to prove that the oxygen that is released comes from the water 15. Melvin Calvin-in 1948 traced the pathway that carbon follows to make glucose. The light-independent reactions are actually known as the Calvin cycle 16. Rudolph Marcus-in 1992 won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for describing the path that the electron takes while traveling down the electron transport chain 17. Pigments-a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption 18. Chlorophyll-any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms; there are four naturally occurring forms 19. Carotene-yellow or orange-red fat-soluble pigments in plants 20. Xanthophyll-yellow carotenoid pigments in plant and animal fats and egg yolks 21. Tannin-any of various complex phenolic substances of plant origin; used in tanning and in medicine 22. Thylakoid-membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts 23. Grana-stacks of thylakoids 24. ATP-this is adenosine Triphosphate 25. NADPH-Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide Phosphate 26. Incorporation-consolidating two or more things; union in (or into) one body 27. Carbon fixation-the removal of atmospheric carbon in the from of carbon dioxide gas in air 28. Stroma-a mass of fungal tissue that has spore-bearing structures embedded in or on it 29. Inorganic-not having a carbon basis 30. Organic-having a carbon basis

=Data Table=


 * Number of ATP || Light intensity at 160 wavelength || Number of ATP || Light intensity at 200 wavelength || Time ||
 * One || 450 || One || 450 || 30 seconds ||
 * One || 550 || One || 550 || 30 seconds ||
 * Three || 650 || Four || 650 || 30 seconds ||
 * One || 750 || One || 750 || 30 seconds ||

The best conditions we found was 650 for the wavelength and 200 for light intensity at thirty seconds

Photosynthesis is light dependent. When it is a low light intensities; it may become the limiting factor. The reasons why plants grow better outside than in your house because the plant can get more light outside. Also there is a level above which photosynthesis cannot take place any faster as other factors become limiting.

Chlorophyll has two peaks of best efficiency, there are associated pigments which take advantage of almost every part of the visible spectrum, most of the energy absorbed is passed along a line f receptors until the energy is equivalent to that absorbed. Photosynthesis is less effective.

Pigments are materials that change the color of light it reflects as the result of selective color absorption. The process of photosynthesis the main pigment that does most of the absorption is chlorophyll. There are other pigments that absorb the sunlight. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence. Which the material itself emits light. Pigments that are no permanent are called fugitive pigments, which fade over time. Some pigments when exposed to light eventually will blacken. Pigments are used for coloring paint ink, fabric, plastic, etc. In photosynthesis the pigments are located in the membrane of the chloroplasts.

=Photosynthesis Web Quest=

1. What is photosynthesis? The conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms.

2. What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis? List 3 groups. Plants, bacteria and protistans

3. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What is the translation for the chemical equation? C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H20+Energy glucose + oxygen=carbon dioxide + water + energy

4. Look at your equation in number 3 and answer the following questions: a. What are the raw materials or reactants needed to carry out photosynthesis? Water and carbon dioxide

b. What are the products of photosynthesis? Glucose and oxygen

c. What energy source is needed in the reaction? Sunlight is the only main energy source needed.

5. Consider a plant as the photosynthetic organism. a. In what part of the plant does photosynthesis occur? The leaves

b. What specific cells are involved? Mesophyll, epidermal and stomata cells c. What specific organelle is involved? Chloroplast

6. How does the plant get the raw materials needed for photosynthesis to the plant part where photosynthesis occurs? The plant can get the raw materials that are needed for photosynthesis to the leaves by absorbing carbon dioxide. It is absorbed through the leaves and water that is taken in through its root system

7. What is a stoma and of what value is the stoma to the plant in its efforts to carry out photosynthesis? The stoma is a gel-like matrix. The plant values the stoma because it surrounds the thylakoid. The thylakoid is the inner membrane of the chloroplast which is the specific organelle involved in photosynthesis.

8. Explore the organelle that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis. What are found inside the organelle and how do these parts aid in the process of photosynthesis? The organelle that is responsible fro photosynthesis is the chloroplast. Inside the chloroplast is the stoma. The stoma is packed with stacks of thylakoids, this is where the light reaction of photosynthesis begins. The organelle aids in the process of photosynthesis because this is where the energy carriers are produced.

9. What is the first part of photosynthesis called and where does it occur? The first part of photosynthesis is called the light reaction. The dark reaction cames later. The light reaction occurs I the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

10. What exactly happens in the first part of photosynthesis? In the first part of photosynthesis, the water molecules are split in the reaction and oxygen gas is then released as a result. The energy is then carried in the form of what is called ATP and NADPH are produced. The ATP and NADPH are sent over and into the Calvin Cycle to fuel the reactions there

11. What is the second part of photosynthesis called and where does it happen? The second part of photosynthesis is called the Calvin Cycle. This occurs in the stoma of the chloroplast.

12. What happens in the second part of photosynthesis? In the second part of photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and energy derived from the energy carriers to create more complex carbohydrates. In order to make a whole glucose molecule exists, the cycle need to run two times.

13. Are the two parts of photosynthesis connected? If so, explain the connection. Yes, both parts help the plant to crate the needed energy. In the first part, the ATP and NADPH are similar because they are both the energy carriers. They are used in the second part to help make glucose and sugars. The ATP and NADPH are made in the beginning of photosynthesis then used in the second part to help make the sugars that the plant needs for photosynthesis.

14. Does the chemical equation that you listed in number 3 tell the entire story of the process of photosynthesis? Why or why not? I do not think the chemical equation that is listed in number three can’t tell the entire story of photosynthesis. I only think the equation can only answer some of the questions like what photosynthesis uses, however it can’t tell you the entire process because there is more facts that you need to understand than just one equation.

=Cell Respiration=

1. The 5% was more effective than the other sugar solutions. The 10% was the least effective sugar solution. 2. The dependent variables in our lab were the sugar solution and the yeast. The independent variable was the water. 3. Yeast prefers warm environment because if it is too cold it wont do anything and if it is to hot it will die immediately. It effected how much CO2 is produced; the yeast feeds off of the sugar. 4. The more sugar there is the less effective it will be. 5. Fermentation, because it does not use oxygen, CO2 is produced

=DNA Replication Model=

DNA replication is the copying of DNA. DNA is copied so you can have more cells.(mitosis, meisis)

=Cell Portfolio=

=Hypothyroidism= 1. What causes this condition? (There are two ways to look at this one - In terms of DNA, what causes the irregularity, and also, what can trigger this genetic change?) An autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid gland, and surgery or radiation to treat thyroid cancer and other conditions, and last rare and random genetic events in which a mutation is acquired during early development. 2. How is it diagnosed? A tiny sample of blood is taken from the baby’s heel and is tested for low thyroid hormone levels or high thyroid-stimulating hormone (THS) levels. 3. Who gets this disorder? Discuss percentages, subgroups of people, etc. Is the disorder genetic in nature or is it caused by something environmental? Anyone can get this disorder, adults, infants, babies, etc. The chances of someone getting this disorder are one in 5,000. Yes this disorder is genetic, and no it is not caused my something environmental. 4. What are the symptoms of this disorder? In babies with the inherited form of hypothyroidism, the condition affects growth and cognitive development. It may cause mental retardation, delayed puberty, stunted growth, and ataxia (inability to coordinate muscle movements). In adults, hypothyroidism slows the body’s metabolism, making the patient feel mentally and physically sluggish. Symptoms may include weakness, fatigue, muscle aches, mood swings, hair loss, memory loss, or slow speech. A person’s symptoms will depend upon how little thyroid hormone they produce, and for how long they have had the disorder.

5.Summarize other information that is important. Some interesting facts about hypothyroidism are that is it a condition in which the thyroid gland makes too little thyroid hormone one in 5,000 people have it. Hypothyroidism is treated by a hormone replacement therapy: people with this disorder must take a synthetic form of thyroid hormone every day to reduce their symptoms. 6. What level is your disorder? Use this [|chart]. The level of my disorder is 1.