Epic+Its

s =Epic Its=

Drew C Taylor P Emily S. Jon S.

toc =Cells=

=Prokaryote - Emily and Jon= The prokaryotes are a group of organisms that have no cell nucleus, or membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotic cells are much smaller and simpler than the euaryotic cells.

=Eukaryote - Emily and Jon= Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific activities take place. Most important among these is the presence of a cell nucleus .

=Eukaryote - TP and Drew= Eukaryotic cells have a nuclues unlike prokaryotic cells. Most eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the golgi apparatus. Their cell division is also different than prokaryotes; they use either mitosis or meiosis.

=Prokaryote - TP and Drew=

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus. They also have their genetic information in a plasmid rather than having chromosomal DNA. Unlike eukaryotes, they divide by binary fission into shapes such as a rod, spherical, and spiral.

=Microscope Pictures=

Eukaryote- Cat Ovary
Emily and Jon This is a Eukaryote because it has a nucleus. The cell also has membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryote- Bacillus
Jon and Emily This is a prokaryote becuase it does not have a nucleus. It also does not contain membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryote- Azotobacter
Drew and TP This is a prokaryote because there is no nucleus. The cells are also notably smaller than a eukaryotic cell.

Eukaryote - Ostreococcus
TP and Drew - Picture taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote This cell is obviously eukaryotic because it has a nucleus. There are also easily noticeable membrane-bound organelles in the picture.

=Prokaryote and Eukaryote chart=



=Further Questions= Why do cells multiply? Cells multiply so an organism can grow. The cells actually divide into two smaller cells then grow and repeat the process. Then, the more cells that the organism has, the larger the organism will grow. Cell division is essential for growth and life.

http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1999-06/929470904.Cb.r.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_makes_cells_multiply http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29

=Plant and Animal cells lab=

Cheek Cell- 94 microns
Cheek cells are cells that are swabbed from the inside of someone's mouth. They are the only animal cells we observed in the lab.

Questions 1. It is circular and is arranged randomly throughout the whole surface. 2. Some similarities between these cells are that they all have a nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Some differences are that the two plant cells have organelles necessary for photosynthesis while the cheek cell doesn’t. The plant cells contain more pigment then the cheek cells. 3. After the cheek cell was removed from our mouth, did it still sustain life? The cheek cells were mostly dead, but some could have been alive even though we didn't see them. They could have been killed by saliva, lack of oxygen, or they could have been scraped off dead in the first place. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071011195040AAnNMYI http://library.thinkquest.org/C0122781/science/whydie.htm

Elodea Cell- 37.5 microns
The elodea is a plant cell because it has a cell wall and chloroplast. The elodea is an underwater plant that survives by living off a root system.

Questions 1. The elodea and onion cells are both plant cells with the same types of organelles, but they are different because they contain different amounts of pigments, which make the elodea green while the onion isn’t. 2. Yes, they did act similarly because in both cases it created a hypertonic solution. Osmosis caused both of them to shrink while their cell walls remained the same. 3. What is the process that takes place when the salt solution is added called? It is called plasmolysis, which is caused by osmosis in a hypertonic solution. In it, the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to loss of water from osmosis. http://www.csun.edu/scied/7-microscopy/elodea_plasmolysis/index.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmolysis

Elodea Cell With Salt- 53.5 microns
The elodea cell is an underwater plant cell that has undergone plasmolysis after the salt was added. That is where the cell membrane pulls away from the wall due to loss of water.

Onion Cell- 47 microns
The onion is a plant cell because it has chloroplast and a cell wall. It is similar to the animal cells because it has a cell membrane and nucleus.

Onion Questions 1. The onion cells are in a rectangular shape, and arranged almost like a brick wall would be laid. 2. When the salt solution was added to the cell, the cell and its membrane shrunk. This happened due to osmosis because it was a hypertonic solution. In a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cell to even out the amount of a substance in the cell and outside of it, which in this case was salt. 3. We added the iodine in order to make the nucleus of the cell visible because normally it would be transparent in the microscope. 4. Why are the plant cells arranged like they are and not arranged like an animal cell is? Plant cells are connected by their cell walls to create extra protection for the plant. This is not necessary to the animal for a number of reasons; it would make the animal's outer layer or skin not very flexible and animals also do not have a cell wall. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_the_arrangement_of_plant_and_animal_cells_in_their_normal_undisrupted_tissue_similar_or_different http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080917195615AAG0OK4

5. When salt water is added to the onion cell the cell practically shrinks. This happens due to osmosis, the diffusion of water, which causes water to flow from the cell to the outside. This happens because it is a hypertonic solution where there is more of a substance outside the cell. If it were a hypotonic solution the water would diffuse into the cell instead.

=Cell Inquiry=

**__Fruit: Apple__**
__//**Materials:**//__ · Apple · Knife · Iodine · Slide/ cover · Laptop · Microscope · Moticam

__//**Procedures:**//__ · Cut a thin slice of apple from the core o (try to avoid skin) · Place onto a slide · Add a drop of iodine · Place the cover over top of the apple slice o (avoid leaving air pockets) · Place the slide under a microscope in the lowest power · Focus and zoom further · Use a moticam to photograph the cell with the laptop software

**__Vegetable: Celery__**
__//**Materials:**//__ · Celery stick · Knife · Slide/ cover · Laptop · Microscope · Moticam

__//**Procedures:**//__ · Cut a thin slice of the Celery stick · Place onto a slide · Place the cover over the celery slice · Place slide under a microscope in lowest power · Focus and zoom further · Use a moticam to photograph the cell with the laptop software

We have come to a conclusion that both the fruit (apple) and the vegetable (celery) both indeed are composed of cells. Both showed signs of a nucleus and a cell membrane/ wall, which would be required for plant cells. Also, in the celery chloroplast was easily found because it stored the pigments of the green celery stick. These are some of the important organelles that make up cells, so obviously these would have to be cells that are making up the apple and celery. Additionally, the size of the apple cell was 93.75 microns wide and the celery was roughly 62.5.

Apple Cell
Above is an apple cell with a cell wall and membrane, a nucleus, and a few small organelles. Apples are plant cells obviously because of their cell wall. It is also very difficult to take a photo of an apple cell.

Celery Cell
Shown here is a celery cell with a nucleus, cell wall/membrane, and chloroplast labeled. The chloroplast is located here to give the celery its green pigment, or color. Other than the chloroplast, you can view obvious similarities between this cell and the apple cell above.

=Cell Wall & Cell Membrane=



=**Chromoplast & Chloroplast**=



=Cell Transport=

Vocabulary

 * Diffusion- the spreading molecules throughout a certain area equally
 * Osmosis- the tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semi-permeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane
 * Hypotonic- noting a solution of lower osmotic pressure than another solution with which it is compared
 * Hypertonic- noting a solution of higher osmotic pressure than another solution with which it is compared
 * Isotonic- noting or pertaining to solutions characterized by equal osmotic pressure
 * Solute- a substance that is dissolved in a given solution; Ex. Sugar is a solute to water
 * Solvent- a substance that dissolves another to form a solution; Ex. Water is a solvent for sugar
 * Selectively permeable- how something controls what comes into and out of it; Ex. The cell membrane controls what comes into and out of the cell
 * Water potential- the potential of water relative to pure free water
 * Concentration gradient- the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density
 * Plasmolysis- contraction of the protoplasm in a living cell when water is removed by exosmosis
 * Turgor- the state of a cell being swollen
 * Active transport- the movement of ions or molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower to a higher concentration, requiring the consumption of energy
 * Facilitated diffusion- a process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules; also called [|facilitated transport]

Photos
potato slices to be placed into water

slices in water

potato slice to be placed in iodine

slice in iodine

three beakers

[[image:TPDCSS01.jpg]]
potato after iodine

Questions
1. Diffusion is the movement of materials from high to low concentration. Meanwhile, osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane. Finally, both of them are a form of passive transport because they do not require energy. 2.It is considered a passive process because it does not involve using energy to transport through the membrane. Because it is going from a high to low concentration, energy was not required. 3. Passive transport and active transport are similar in many different ways. For example, both of them are the movement of materials through a selectively permeable membrane. However, in active transport the materials are moving from a low to high concentration, so energy is needed. In passive transport the material is going from a high to low concentration, so there is no resistance. 4. Are different materials diffused into the cell at different rates? To do this we could take multiple cubes of the same size and put them into different solutions that could possibly diffuse into them. After ten minutes we could remove the cubes and see if and how far the substances diffused into each of the cubes. If some solutions went farther or shorter, then that proves that substances diffuse into cells at different rates.

=Light Intensity Activity=

Spreadsheet
http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0AiXGbopea8JxdEpiQ0RNNDFiVVc5Wmp4dkg5c2lDZGc&hl=en

=Cellular Respiration Venn Diagram=



oxidation should be under both high energy hydrogen should be under both

=Crime Scene Analysis=



Lanes
Lane 1 - Suspect 1 - DNA 1 Lane 2 - Suspect 1 - DNA 2 Lane 3 - Suspect 2 - DNA 1 Lane 4 - Suspect 2 - DNA 2 Lane 5 - Evidence - DNA 1 Lane 6 - Evidence - DNA 2

The Culprit
Suspect 2 was the culprit because his two DNA samples matched up to the 2 DNA samples of evidence. The samples moved the same distance, so they are a match to each other, which puts him at the crime scene and makes him the culprit.