Shayla+B.

= = =My blog= = = = = =toc= = = =About me= My name is Shayla. Im a freshmen in high school. I like to play volleyball and ride my horse. My favorite color is turquoise, and my favorite animal is a platypus. == == = = =Create an Organism=

My new species of animals were discovered in the jungles of Georgia. It has the body of a T. rex, claws of a crab, and colorful wings. Its behavioral characteristics are very much like an average dinosaur. It can be ferocious, but it also can be very sweet. It would be categorized in the Choropoda phylum because it is consider to be like a dinosaur in the Chordata phylum and the like the crab in the Arthropoda phylum. The class it is in is Repmalacostralia because of being close to Reptilia a Malacostraca. Its scientific name is Liocarcinus T. rex. It is an omnivore, eating meat and also leaves and trees. Its claws are used to either help i eat his prey or pick the leaves from branches. Also its wings help it to get to his nest, which is built in high trees or located on a high area, and to get food in tall trees. This particular one that was found was named Marvin. Through out an average day of the life of Marvin, nothing too exciting happens. In the morning he searches for food for himself and his family. If their prey come along they eat that or they also eat plants and fruits, so they might end up having a nice salad. After his work is done, he sometimes likes to take swims in the local lake. Over the days he searches for food and more material for his nest. Their nest is much like birds only a lot bigger. It is made from twigs, mud, and leaves. When the winter comes around, his job is to move his nest and family to somewhere warm. They migrate for the winter months and then come back to the nice weather in the summer again. =Elm= = = species = =
 * 1) Name- Elm
 * 2) scientific name //**- Ulmus americana**//
 * 3) Organism that infects tree- The Dutch Elm Disease
 * 4) Provides habitat or food for... (don't guess, research) It is the only larval food plant of the White-letter Hairstreak butterfly.The Elm trees provides a distinctive surface on which lichens can grow from their bark. They also are important for many bird species.
 * 5) Justify classification of tree to related trees - create classification scheme as a class, identify related
 * 1) Commercial use of tree- The Elm trees are rare in commercial use because of the Dutch elm disease.
 * 2) Twig characteristics- slender, zigzag, brown, smooth, and hairy
 * 3) Where tree is found in the world (native to pa?)- yes they are native to Pa, and is established all of the Northern Hemisphere, and some parts of the Southern Hemisphere
 * 4) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class.

Resources- http://www.oplin.org/tree/fact%20pages/elm_american/elm_american.html http://www.hull.ac.uk/HBP/ActionPlan/Elm.htm [|http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/trees/pages/rockelm.html] =Box Elder= = = picture found at.. http://www.depauw.edu/univ/naturepark/natural%20history/box%20elder%20leaves.jpg
 * 1) Name- Box Elder
 * 1) scientific name- //Acer negundo//
 * 2) Organism that infects tree- moths, worms, and insects
 * 3) Provides habitat or food for... (don't guess, research)
 * 4) Justify classification of tree to related trees - create classification scheme as a class, identify related species
 * 5) Commercial use of tree- it has a soft wood that has no commercial value
 * 6) Twig characteristics- green to purple in color, buds white and some what hairy
 * 7) Where tree is found in the world (native to pa?)- they are native to pa, and are located in the united states from Florida north to New Hampshire and west to the Pacific Ocean
 * 8) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class

=Catalase Activity=

The banana did not react to the hydrogen in any form, warm, or room temperature. Except one person recorded that it had a little reaction to it in cold and room temperature hydrogen, and also a little bigger one in warm hydrogen. The onion did not have a reaction to any of them either. The liver had a variety of reactions. Some said it didn’t react to any of them and others said that had a large reaction to all the kinds of hydrogen. The warm hydrogen seemed to react to all of the foods more than any other. The warmer the hydrogen the higher the reaction. What does catalase brake hydrogen peroxide down into? Catalase breaks hydrogen peroxide down into water and oxygen. []

=Biomolecules=



= = Questions 1. What kinds of biomolecules are in each of the food substances you test? The apples had simple sugars, starch, and fats. 2. Do certain biomolecules have the same catalase reactions? Explain. The apple had a higher reaction for simple sugar and it also did in the catalase experiment too. 3. What other results did you observe in the class that can be used to make a statement of what you have learned? I have learned that apples do not have any protein in them at all and that they contain fat also which i didn't know.

=Biomolecules Webquest= A. 1. The heat affects the rate of reaction by speeding up the movement of the reactant 1 and reactant 2. 2. The surface area affects the rate of reaction because the reactant 2 lines up and stops moving, while the reactant 1 still is in movement bouncing off of them. 3. The concentration affects the rate of reaction because the reactant 1 starts to spread out and stop moving, but then starts again. The reactant 2 is in a cluster in the middle together while the reactant 1 bounces off of them.

B. 1. The type of molecules that make up enzymes are proteins. 2. The shape of the enzyme determines the function of the enzyme. 3. Denaturing is when high temperatures or extreme pH values may affect the shape of an enzyme molecule. 4. A reaction that takes place with out an enzyme takes a longer time because they may not have the correct angle to form a bond. With an enzyme they are oriented properly to react and make a larger molecule. A bond can now form between the small molecule, linking them together. 5. I think enzymes might speed the reaction up because if we they weren’t they would just run into each other, with enzymes they create bonds. 6. The enzymes are so specific because they can only be used for one particular reaction. When the enzyme does not fit it cannot help of with the reaction. 7. The shape of the enzyme is important because it needs to be able to fit with the specific enzyme and the correct molecule to create a reaction. 8. Enzymes are reusable, they can link in a group of smaller molecules into a long chain to fit into a different molecule. The process continues, forming a chain of repeating subunits. 9. Heating an enzyme affects its function because it changes its shape. This process is called denaturing. The process cannot be reversed, so this enzyme will not work anymore. 10. Heating the enzyme does not always have the same effect when the catalyst needs to act on a substance.

C. 1. Hydrolysis is the reaction of breaking down large molecules and water is added. The condensation reaction is the reaction of building up large molecules and water is taken from the chemical reaction. 2. The molecules that under go this process in our labs were proteins and carbohydrates.

D. 1. Proteins are made up of amino acids. 2. The chemical process that creates the proteins is glycine has one hydrogen in its R-Group which makes it ambivalent. Leucine has carbons and hydrogens in its R-Group which makes it non-polar. Lysine has nitrogen and hydrogen in its R-Group which makes it polar.

E. The mouth, stomach, and small intestine all help to break down carbohydrates. In the mouth and small intestine there are enzymes that break down carbohydrates. Acidic gastric juices are secreted in the stomach, the digestion in the stomach begins. When in the stomach and the carbohydrate digestion continues the environment becomes too acidic. The carbohydrates are broken down to glucose in the small intestine and then absorbed into the bloodstream. The glucose cannot be burned for energy in the cells because the glucose cannot enter fat or muscle cells because they are closed. The pancreas pumps insulin into the bloodstream when it detects an increase in the levels of glucose. The insulin unblocks the channels so the muscles and cells can take up glucose though them. The glucose level in the bloodstream falls as glucose is taken up by the body cells and muscles. The pancreas detects the falling blood stream glucose level and switches off secretion of insulin. Glucose is burned up for energy in the body cells.

F. 1. Fat is digested by the separation of lipids and water, which reduces the effectiveness of fat-digesting enzymes that are known as lipase. There is a substance that is created by the liver, bile. It consists of molecules that have a dual nature. These molecules place themselves between the fat and water. This process is called emulsification. In the digestive tract, emulsification allows lipase to gain access to the fat molecules and this aids digestion.

G. Heart attacks occur when blood flow to a section of heart muscle becomes blocked. If blood isn’t restored quickly, the section of the heart muscle becomes damaged from lack of oxygen and begins to die.

=Light Intensity Activity= Light intensity- the strength of light wavelength and energy - actively working wavelength, which is the distance between two points in the same phase in consecutive cycles of a wave pigment colors – changes the colors of the item Wavelength and light intensity are important to Photosynthesis. If there is not enough light intensity there will be no ATP made. With the maximum amount of light intensity, there is the most ATP’s made. It makes the chlorophyll pigments increase. The wavelength has to be the right amount, somewhere in the middle, so it does not damage the plant while in the process of photosynthesis.

=Photosynthesis Webquest= 1. What is photosynthesis? the process the autotrophs is to carry out the converts electromagnetic radiation into energy that can be used by all living organisms.

2. What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis? List 3 groups. green plants, algae, and certain kinds of bacteria

3. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What is the translation for the chemical equation? 6 CO2 + 6 H20 = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 six carbon dioxide molecules plus six water molecules equals one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules.

4. Look at your equation in number 3 and answer the following questions: a. What are the raw materials or reactants needed to carry out photosynthesis? Six carbon dioxide and six water molecules

b. What are the products of photosynthesis? Oxygen and glucose

c. What energy source is needed in the reaction? Sunlight

5. Consider a plant as the photosynthetic organism. a. In what part of the plant does photosynthesis occur? In the leaf of a plant

b. What specific cells are involved? Pigment cells

c. What specific organelle is involved? Chloroplast

6. How does the plant get the raw materials needed for photosynthesis to the plant part where photosynthesis occurs? the xylem cells transports the H2O and the phloem tube transports sugar, the chloroplasts and chlorophyll absorb sunlight and the stoma is where the carbon dioxide is taken into the leaf

7. What is a stoma and of what value is the stoma to the plant in its efforts to carry out photosynthesis? stoma is a pore in the leaf, it is used for gas exchanges

8. Explore the organelle that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis. What are found inside the organelle and how do these parts aid in the process of photosynthesis? Chloroplast have certain materials in it that can absorb energy from the light

9. What is the first part of photosynthesis called and where does it occur? the chloroplast and inside of it are the thykaloids where the light reaction takes place

10. What exactly happens in the first part of photosynthesis? the light-dependent reaction and it occurs in the thykaloids

11. What is the second part of photosynthesis called and where does it happen? the second part is the Calvin Cycle and it occurs in the stroma

12. What happens in the second part of photosynthesis? carbon dioxide and hydrogen is taken and made into carbohydrates, this is process is called carbon fixation

13. Are the two parts of photosynthesis connected? If so, explain the connection. Yes, they are connected. In the first part of Photosynthesis, energy is made. In the second part of photosynthesis, the Calvin Cycle, the energy is used.

14. Does the chemical equation that you listed in number 3 tell the entire story of the process of photosynthesis? Why or why not? No it does not. It doesn’t because it does not tell how much ATP or NADPH is transferred and does not show how the energy is got from the sunlight.

=Yeast Respiration lab Analysis= 1. State 2 clear, concise conclusions derived from the analysis of the results from the experiments in your class. -fermentation occurred and the amount of sugar solution had an effect on the amount of CO2 made 2. What was the dependent and independent variables in the experiment? Explain. -the dependent variable is the amount of fermentation because it depends on the independent variable, the independent variable is the sugar solution is because the amount varies 3. According to the experimental data, what kind of environment do yeast prefer? How did the sugar concentration change the result? Explain. -warm environments, and the sugar concentration change the result with the amount that the bread rose and the amount of CO2 made 4. How did the amount of rising change with the different types of sugar solutions used? -the bread did not rise as much with the 3% sugar solution, the 5% had just enough sugar and rose normally, and 10% had too much sugar 5. What kind of respiration did the yeast carry out in the experiment? Explain. -fermentation, because CO2 was created by yeast and ethanol was also created when it was baked

3% bread before it rose. My 3% bread after it was baked. Our balloon before we left it set. Our 3% balloon after we left it set, and when CO2 was created 10% sugar solution balloon from Chunkee Chimpankeez group. 5% sugar solution balloon from Thugs4Life group.

Results of the Class from the balloon

=DNA replication model= In DNA replication the first step is the DNA helicase unwinds the DNA. The hydrogen bonds between the bases are broken. The next step is that the original ladder becomes a template. Next, the left side gets a new right side. Also the right side gets a new left side. In each new side there are new sugars, phosphate, and bases.

=Cell Portfolio=

=Genetic Variation= Down Syndrome Down Syndrome is caused when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder cause by a chromosomal abnormality. It affects 1 out of every 800 to 1,000 babies. John Langdon Down originally described down syndrome in 1866. It wasn’t until 1959 that a French doctor, named Jerome Lejeune, discovered it was caused by the Inheritance of an extra chromosome 21. Down syndrome is really the only trisomy compatible with life. Level 3 is the level of the Down syndrome disorder. There is no definite reason for disjunction to not occur in the cell and cause down syndrome. Studies show that down syndrome occurs more often in women that get pregnant at an older age. People that have this disorder have very distinct facial features: flat face, a small broad nose, abnormally shaped ears, a large tongue, and upward slanting eyes with small folds of skin in the corners. They have an increase risk of medically significant problems. Because of these medical problems most people with down syndrome have a decrease life expectancy, about half live to be 50 years old. Two types of test check for Down syndrome during a women’s pregnancy screening and diagnostic test. The most common screening tests are the Triple Screen and the Alpha-Fetoprotein Plus. These test measure levels of certain substances in the blood. Ultrasounds allow the doctor to examine the fetus in the womb for physical sings of Down syndrome. For a positive result identified in a screening test a diagnostic test can be preformed like, CVS, amniocentesis, and percutaneous umbilical blood sampling. Each takes a sample from the placenta, amniotic fluid, or umbilical cord, to examine the baby’s chromosomes and determine if it has an extra chromosome 21. If it is not diagnosed in the womb, doctors can recognize it after the baby is born by the distinctive facial features.