Sydney+J.

=toc About Me=

I'm Sydney and I'm in tenth grade. My best friends names are Logan Weaver and Brody Morgan. When I graduate high school I plan to attend college to be a physical therapist and marry brody and love logan forever. [|My blog]

=Paper Birch= Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_papyrifera
 * 1) Name: Paper Birch
 * 2) scientific name: Betula Papyrifera
 * 3) Organism that infects tree: Mice
 * 4) Provides habitat or food for: white tailed deer, snowshoe hares, porcupines, mice
 * 5) Commercial use of tree: bark for a firestarter, firewood, furniture parts, floors, birch syrup,
 * 6) Justify classification of tree to related trees: Magnoliopsida
 * 7) Twig characteristics: slender, orange-brown to dull red, characteristic odor and taste
 * 8) Where tree is found in the world (native to pa?): Ontario, native to PA
 * 9) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class.

=Larch=
 * 1) Name: Larch
 * 2) scientific name: Larix
 * 3) Organism that infects tree: Larch-case Bearer
 * 4) Provides habitat or food for: Blue Jays, squirrels
 * 5) Commercial use of tree: Boats, interior paneling, herbal medicine, timber
 * 6) Justify classification of tree to related trees: Pinopsida
 * 7) Twig characteristics: long, slender, drooping.
 * 8) Where tree is found in the world (native to pa?): Boreal forests in Russia, Canada, and the Alps, native to PA
 * 9) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larch http://project.bio.iastate.edu/trees/campustrees/LarixDecid/Larix_info.html http://www.flickr.com/photos/30630323@N03/3483071972/ photo by: fifi1968

=Create an Organism=

The grassfly lives in meadows and fields in warmer weather. It is in the phylum arthropoda and the class insecta. It has beautiful, colored wings and can rub its hind legs against itself to make a noise. It has bilateral symmetry, the same on both sides, and jointed limbs. It’s an herbivore, feeding on the grass and the nectar of flowers, and is at the bottom of the food chain.

=Catalase Activity=



In the chart of our activity, it’s easy to see that things had greater reactions to the warm hydrogen peroxide. There is an obvious connection to heat and the amount of reaction. The warmer the solution the greater the reaction.

Why does a greater amount of heat produce a greater reaction? If you heat up a substance, the particles start to move faster and are colliding more frequently, speeding up a reaction. @http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/temperature.html

=Biomolecule=

In liver there are proteins and fats. In potato there is only starch. The same biomolecules have the same reactions in different substances.

=Biomolecules webquest=

A) Heat affects the rate of reaction by making the reaction speed up and happen quicker. When the surface area is increased, more of the particles are being hit more often since they’re spread out so much, which would also make for a quicker reaction. Concentration affects the rate of reaction since there’s more of the first reactant. This means that the second reactant is hit more often and in turn makes the reaction happen quicker.

B) Proteins make up enzymes, which are made up of amino acids.
 * What types of molecules make up enzymes?**

Enzymes are very specific in their functions. The shape of an enzyme determines its function.
 * What determines the function of an enzyme?**

Denaturing is when high temperatures or extreme pH values may affect the shape of an enzyme molecule.
 * What is denaturing?**

If two molecules can come together at just the right angle, they can combine to form a larger double molecule with out an enzyme. With an enzyme, two molecules can fit into only a specific enzyme and they will attract to it. When the molecules and enzyme come together, they are properly oriented to react and make a larger molecule. A bond can then form between the small molecules to link them together. Then, the new double molecule leaves the enzyme. The enzyme remains unchanged and can help two more molecules to react together.
 * Describe how a reaction takes place without an enzyme and then with an enzyme.**

Adding an enzyme might speed up a reaction because it’s easier for two molecules to join together in an enzyme then it is to wait for them to maybe come together eventually.
 * Explain how you think an enzyme might speed up a reaction.**

Enzymes being so particular could be because if they sped up every reaction, then there would be too many reactions happening too quickly.
 * Explain why you think enzymes are so particular about reactions.**

The shape of an enzyme is important because it determines what the specific function of that enzyme will be. Only certain substances will fit into certain enzymes.
 * How is the shape of an enzyme important?**

Enzymes are definitely reusable since they can be used to form large changes of polymers. Molecules will shift along the enzyme and attach a new subunit every time it shifts.
 * Explain how you know an enzyme is reusable.**

Heating an enzyme can affect its function because it changes the shape of the enzyme. Enzymes are specific to certain functions due to their shape. This is called denaturing. Once an enzyme is denatured, it cannot be reversed and it won’t work anymore.
 * How does heating an enzyme affect its function?**

Yes, because it make the reaction happen quicker.
 * Does heating an enzyme always have the same effect when the catalyst needs to act on a substance?**

C) Condensation is taking water away in order to molecules together to make large molecules. Hydrolysis is when water is added in order to break apart large molecules.
 * Explain the difference between hydrolysis and condensation.**

All of our molecules in our labs undergo these reactions.
 * Which molecules from our labs undergo these reactions?**

D) Proteins are made of amino acids.
 * What are proteins made of?**

Condensation, or dehydration synthesis, creates proteins.
 * What chemical process creates the proteins?**

Amino acids have “R-Groups” that determine how they behave. Then, ribosomes catalyze the reaction between amino acids. One polypeptide chain is formed, from 50 to 5000 amino acids. The chain is modified to form a unique functioning protein.
 * Describe how proteins are made in detail.**

E) The food you eat containing carbs drop into your stomach. There it is then partially digested into glucose that then enters your bloodstream. Glucose cannot enter fat or muscle cells because glucose channels are closed. This means that glucose cannot be burned for energy in the cells. The pancreas detects an increase in glucose levels in the bloodstream and pumps insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin unlocks the cell’s glucose channels to that the glucose can enter through the open channels. The glucose level in the bloodstream falls. Since the glucose in the bloodstream has dropped the pancreas stops pumping insulin. Glucose is burned up for energy in the cells of the body.
 * Describe step by step how your body breaks down carbohydrates. Make sure to specify the function of each organ during the steps.**

F) Fat is digested by bile, which is produced by the liver and is stored and released in the gallbladder. Bile consists of molecules that have a dual nature. Half of the molecule is attracted to water while the other half is attracted to fats. The bile molecules place themselves between the fat and water. The fat droplets remain suspended in water rather than merging together. This process is called emulsification. In the digestive tract, emulsification allows lipase to gain access to the fat molecules and thus aids digestion.
 * How is fat digested? How is this different from carbohydrates? Be sure to discuss the organs, substances, and enzyme responsible.**

G) Heart attacks occur when blood flow to a section of heart muscle becomes blocked. If the flow of blood isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged from the lack of oxygen and begins to die.
 * How do heart attacks occur?**

H) On paper

=Light Intensity=



=Photosynthesis Webquest=

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and autotrophs use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar. The waste product of this process is oxygen, which all living organisms need to stay alive.
 * 1.** **What is photosynthesis?**

Three types of organisms that carry out photosynthesis are plants, cyanobacteria and euglena.
 * 2.** **What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis? List 3 groups.**

“6 molecules water plus 6 molecules carbon dioxide yields one molecule glucose plus six molecules oxygen”, or 6 CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H1206 + 602.
 * 3.** **What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What is the translation for the chemical equation?**

The raw materials needed to carry out photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water.
 * 4.** **Look at your equation in number 3 and answer the following questions:**
 * a.** **What are the raw materials or reactants needed to carry out photosynthesis?**

Photosynthesis creates glucose, ATP and oxygen.
 * b.** **What are the products of photosynthesis?**

Sunlight is needed in the reaction.
 * c.** **What energy source is need in the reaction?**

Photosynthesis mainly occurs in the leaves of a plant.
 * 5.** **Consider a plant as the photosynthetic organism.**
 * a.** **In what part of the plant does photosynthesis occur?**

Mesophyll cells are the specific cells that are involved in photosynthesis.
 * b.** **What specific cells are involved?**

The specific organelle involved is chloroplast.
 * c.** **What specific organelle is involved?**

The plant gets raw materials needed for photosynthesis to the leaves by first collecting the water through its roots. From the roots, water travels up through the stem and to the leaves. Carbon dioxide is collected through the stoma in the leaves, where air is let in, bringing carbon dioxide in with it.
 * 6.** **How does the plant get the raw materials needed for photosynthesis to the plant part where photosynthesis occurs?**

A stoma is a tiny pore that connects the inside of the plant to the outside. Air flows into the plant through them, which brings in carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a vital part of photosynthesis.
 * 7.** **What is a stoma and of what value is the stoma to the plant in its efforts to carry out photosynthesis?**

The organelle that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis is chloroplast. Inside the chloroplast are many granum. Granum is a stack of thylakoids. Two or more stacks of granum are called grana. Thylakoids contain chlorophylls and other pigments that start the photosynthesis process.
 * 8.** **Explore the organelle that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis. What are found inside the organelle and how do these parts aid in the process of photosynthesis?**

The first part of photosynthesis is called the light dependant reaction. It occurs in the thylakoids.
 * 9.** **What is the first part of photosynthesis called and where does it occur?**

Photosystems are driven when sunlight that is taken in through pigments excites chlorophyll. The energy produced helps break down water and carbon dioxide molecules. They oxidize and produce ATP. Then the electrons are excited again to produce NADPH which is then used to carry out the Calvin cycle to conduct carbon fixation.
 * 10.** **What exactly happens in the first part of photosynthesis?**

The second part of photosynthesis is called the light independent reaction, or carbon fixation reactions. This occurs in the stroma surrounding the thylakoids.
 * 11.** **What is the second part of photosynthesis called and where does it happen?**

In the second part of photosynthesis, carbon from carbon dioxide is “fixed” into the beginnings of simple sugar, or carbohydrate molecules.
 * 12.** **What happens in the second part of photosynthesis?**

The two parts of photosynthesis are connected. The first part of photosynthesis produces the chemicals needed to follow through with the second part of photosynthesis.
 * 13.** **Are the two parts of photosynthesis connected? If so, explain the connection.**

No, because that is only how glucose is created. Glucose is a product of photosynthesis, but it’s not the only one.
 * 14.** **Does the chemical equation that you listed in number 3 tell the entire story of the process of photosynthesis? Why or why not?**

=Yeast Lab Analysis=

1) 5% solution was the best because it had an even amount of sugar. 3% and 10% were kind of outcasts because they are to little or to much concentration. 2) The dependant variable was the water and the independent variable was the amount of sugar in each beaker. 3) A warm environment and not to warm and not to cold. A 5% sugar solution was best preferred because it was moist environment and a good sugar concentration. 4) 3% had risen the least. 5% seemed to rise the most and 10% was a little more than 3% but less than 5%. 5) Anaerobic respiration because yeast undergo fermentation which does not require oxygen.

=DNA Replication Model=



=Cell Portfolio= Cell Wall: Tough, maintains structure, protects @http://www.flickr.com/photos/49838537@N03/4574853475/

=Cystic Fibrosis=

A person can only get Cystic Fibrosis genetically. It is a recessive disorder, so both parents must pass it on in order to have a chance of any of their children getting it. If you only have one gene of the disease, you will not have symptoms, but you will then be a carrier.
 * 1. What causes this condition? (There are two ways to look at this one - In terms of DNA, what causes the irregularity, and also, what can trigger this genetic change?)**

Doctors can use sweat tests to test for Cystic Fibrosis because people with the disease have between 2 and 5 times the amount of salt in their sweat than something without the disease. Also, doctors can measure the amount of trypsinogen in the blood.
 * 2. How is it diagnosed?**

Only children whose parents are both carries and the child happens to get the Cystic Fibrosis genes get the disease. This is a genetic disorder. 2,500 babies are born a year with Cystic Fibrosis each year in the United States.
 * 3. Who gets this disorder? Discuss percentages, subgroups of people, etc. Is the disorder genetic in nature or is it caused by something environmental?**

Some symptoms are coughing, wheezing, respiratory illnesses, weight loss, salty-tasting skin, and greasy stools.
 * 4. What are the symptoms of this disorder?**

5.**Summarize other information that is important.** There are more than 1,000 different mutations in the CFTR gene that have been identified in Cystic Fibrosis patients. Also, more than 10 million Americans carry the Cystic Fibrosis gene and don’t know it.

Cystic Fibrosis is a level one disorder.
 * 6. What level is your disorder?**