Garrett+N.

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=My Blog= =About Me=

I love playing my xbox 360, eating, and football. I am always working on school projects. This is my first year at the high school and I hope that it goes by fast.

Norway Spruce

 * 1) //Picea Abies//
 * 2) Spruce Gall Adelgids
 * 3) The seeds provide food for many birds.
 * 4) Genetically similar to the Siberian Spruce and are considered to be closely related subspecies of //P. Abies.//
 * 5) Planted for use as ornaments, lumber, paper etc. It is mainly planted for use of a Christmas tree.
 * 6) Bright, golden-brown. Buds egg-shaped, darker than twigs.
 * 7) Europe
 * 8) At the top of the page is a picture of a Norway Spruce

Cucumber Magnolia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Spruce http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/commontr/norwspr.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber_magnolia http://www.entomology.cornell.edu/public/IthacaCampus/ExtOutreach/DiagnosticLab/Factsheets/StripedCucumberBeetle.html
 * 1) //Magnolia acuminata//
 * 2) Striped Cucumber Beetles
 * 3) Moist sites, understory and climax species
 * 4) Similar to the Southern Magnolia by climate that they have to grow in
 * 5) Provide shade for parks and gardens, timber, paper etc.
 * 6) Simple and alternate, smooth margins and downy on the underside
 * 7) In the Appalachian Mountain Range
 * 8) Draw or find a picture of a drawing of the leaf to show to the class

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=Create an Organism=



A day in the life of Chris. He has to work hard each day and watch over the hive. He is responsible for bringing pollen back to the queen at night. He hangs upside down during the day. At night he flies around neighborhood lampposts looking for pollen from flowers and tiny insects to eat. Chris is cold-blooded. When he finds what he needs he returns to the hive and works till dawn. Then he rests till the next night to start the hunt all over again.

=Catalase Activity=

Biomolecule Lab
My Questions- Catalyst Lab 1. Do enzyme actions occur faster in warm temperature hydrogen peroxide? Enzymes are catalysts which means that they make chemical reactions occur faster. Most catalysts typically only at extreme temperatures and pressures. The body can manufacture enzymes, but the more we use our enzyme potential, the faster they will "run out." Enzyme reactions do occur faster when in warm temperatures not just hydrogen peroxide. When you heavily cook a steak you break down all the enzymes in it so in order for digestion to be easier you should eat a salad beforehand. In cold temperatures enzymes do not break down as fast because molecules aren't moving around as fast as warm temperatures. In warm temperatures the molecules are moving around rapidly so enzymes can be broken down very fast.

What I learned I really learned a lot from this lab such as how fast enzymes really break down in different temperatures. Another thing I found out was what catalyst meant because I really never got what it meant until I compared it to something I knew. What surprised me was why we had to use hydrogen peroxide to test for enzyme reactions. Another thing that surprised me was all of this data we collected about enzyme activity in foods. I never thought that eating salads before you eat a cooked steak would allow us to digest certain proteins more easily.

Conclusions Warm temperature hydrogen peroxide speeds up the enzyme reactions faster than cold temperature hydrogen peroxide. Meat products such as ground beef and liver have a strong catalyst reaction of 5 because of the warm temperatures. This happens because when you add temperatures to cook meat it breaks down enzymes faster than cold temperatures.

Website for Information: http://everything2.com/title/enzyme
My Questions- Bio molecules- Lab In our ground beef test we found that simple and starch were not present in it. We found that proteins and fats are present in the ground beef. In our onion test we found that simple and starches were present in the onion but we found that proteins and fats were not present in it. I guessed that fats would be present in onions because I thought that if it contains starches that there would be a little fat present in it. The results from the catalyst activity includes the following. For ground beef most of the people analyzed that in warm hydrogen peroxide that it was on a scale of 1 to 5 with it being 3 to 5. So this means that proteins and fats are strongly present then in comparison to the bio molecules. In our onion experiment we found that simple sugars and starches were present in the onion. On a scale of 1 to 5 the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide did not really matter because it ranged between 1 to 2 on the scale which was not very much activity. I learned a lot of things doing this bio molecules lab and they include the following. I found that when food products are placed in warm hydrogen peroxide the chemical reactions are sped up in comparison to cold hydrogen peroxide. I also found that liver and ground beef have a greater catalase amount than anything else because they contain a lot of stored energy. They are two blood sources and catalase is found in blood so this explains why they have high amounts of catalase. Ground beef is a muscle so there is a lot of blood flow to the muscles to allow motion. The big thing I took from these labs is that some bio molecules have the same catalyst reactions.

Biomolecule Webquest
Garrett Neal

Biomolecule Webquest 1. Heat causes the rate of reaction to increase. 2. An increase in surface area would cause molecules to bounce around much more. 3. An increase in concentration would cause a lot of molecules to move and bounce of one another at a fast rate. 4. Proteins are the molecules that make up enzymes. 5. The shape of an enzyme determines the function of it. 6. Denaturing is when an enzyme is completely destroyed and cannot be reformed. 7. Without enzyme reaction molecules have collided often, they have not yet been at the correct angle to form a bond. With an enzyme reaction it is specific that simple sugar molecules will fit in, and they are attracted to the enzyme. They are placed oriented properly to react and make a larger molecule. Then a bond can form between the small molecules, linking them together. The sugar molecule leaves the enzyme, and is unchanged and can help two more molecules to react. 8. An enzyme might speed up a reaction because it is a catalyst and that speeds up or slow down reactions. 9. Enzymes are particular about reactions because they would want to join two unlike molecules. This might cause problems for an organism if it doesn’t make certain bonds. 10. The shape of an enzyme is important because it is specific function and so that certain molecules can combine with the enzyme. 11. An enzyme can be reusable because it can bond more than just two molecules at one time. A protein can be used over and over again as long as the enzyme has not been denatured. 12. Heating an enzyme can affect its function by more kinetic energy will be visible. There will be more energetic collisions, the number of collisions per unit time will increase, and the heat of the molecules in the system will increase as well. 13. Heating an enzyme does not always have the same effect when the catalyst needs to act on a substance. It depends on what substance it is acting upon for it to have the same effect on it. 14. The difference between hydrolysis and condensation is that condensation makes polymers and hydrolysis breaks them down or apart. 15. The molecules from our lab that undergo these reactions are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. 16. Proteins are made of amino acids. 17. The process that creates proteins is polypeptides, which is a chain of amino acids that then create proteins. 18. Joining amino acids into long chains called polypeptides makes proteins. Each polypeptide contains a combination of any or all of the 20 different amino acids. 19. The mouth, stomach and small intestine all help to break down carbohydrates. Enzymes in the mouth and small intestine help to break down carbohydrates to make glucose. Acidic gastric juices are secreted in the stomach and digestion continues until the environment becomes too acidic. Carbohydrates are then broken down to glucose in the small intestine and then absorbed into the bloodstream. The pancreas detects an increase in glucose levels in the bloodstream and pumps insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin unlocks the cells glucose channels so the muscles and cells can take up glucose thought the open channels. The pancreas detects the falling blood glucose level and switches off secretion of insulin. 20. Fats and lipids do not dissolve in water; instead, they tend to congeal together into large masses. The enzyme responsible for breaking down fats is lipase. Using bile, which is secreted by the liver and stored by the gallbladder, solves the problem. The process that breaks down fats is called emulsification, which allows lipase to gain access to the fat molecules, and thus aids digestion. 21. Heart attacks occur when blood flow to a section of heart muscle becomes blocked. 22. Primary protein structures looks like strand of string or a piece of curled hair. 23. Secondary structure looks like a small portion of a primary protein. Also looks like an alpha helix or a pleated sheet. 24. Tertiary structure looks like a shoelace because of how much of it is twisted in knots. 25. Quaternary structure looks like a bunch of tertiary structures put together. It has thicker strands of proteins than tertiary structures.

Light Intensity Homework
Garrett Neal Homework
 * % maximal ATP || ATP created in time frame || Light intensity || Wavelength ||
 * 1.2 || 1 || 20 || 575 ||
 * 4 || 1 || 40 || 600 ||
 * 25.5 || 3 || 60 || 650 ||
 * 11 || 1 || 80 || 675 ||
 * 2.5 || 1 || 100 || 700 ||
 * 100 || 5 || 200 || 425 ||
 * 13.8 || 9 || 100 || 675 ||
 * 27.5 || 14 || 200 || 675 ||
 * 80 || 40 || 160 || 425 ||
 * 0 || 0 || 0 || 750 ||
 * 17 || 6 || 40 || 650 ||
 * 3 || 1 || 120 || 700 ||
 * 7.5 || 2 || 200 || 475 ||

Light intensity- generally is obtained by dividing a power, in watts by a solid angle, a planar area, or a combination of the two. It really is the first part of photosynthesis because light is needed for energy to be absorbed. So the intensity of it depends on how close or how much sunlight a plant is getting.

Info found at: []

Wavelength and energy- the amount of energy is inversely related to the wavelength of the light: the shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy of each proton of the light. Max Planck who identified a co-efficient of proportionality that related photons energy to its frequency discovered this.

Info found at: []

Pigment color- a pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. The chlorophyll organelle in plants contains green pigment and chromoplasts contain different pigments that show in the fall season.

Info found at: []

1. Wavelength and light intensity is important for photosynthesis because they are dependant variables, which means that what happens with one changes the other. The greater the light intensity the less wavelength etc. In the simulation this showed that if we change one variable the other has to change as well to produce enough ATP as possible. 2. I learned that a higher light intensity is vital because if a plant has more sunlight then photosynthesis will go by much easier. That’s why we put a plant in front of a windowsill so it can get as much light as possible. The greater the light intensity the less the wavelength will be and vise-versa.

Photosynthesis Webquest
Garrett Neal Photosynthesis Web-quest 1. Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from the sunlight. 2. Three types of organisms that carry out photosynthesis are plants, algae, and some types of bacteria. 3. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6 C02 + 6 H20 à C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Six molecules of carbon dioxide and six water molecules with the help of light give the producer one molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen. 4. A. The raw materials of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. B. The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen. C. It needs light energy. 5. A. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of the plant cells. B. A specific cell involved is a mesophyll cell. C. A specific organelle involved is chloroplasts. 6. A plant gets raw materials needed for photosynthesis by humans. We give off carbon dioxide when we exhale because it is a byproduct of respiration. Plants give us oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Plants get water from the rain outside or by humans watering them. 7. A stoma is a pore, found in the leaf and stem epidermis that is used for gas exchange. It is known as a guard cell, which are responsible for regulating the size of the opening. 8. The organelle responsible for photosynthesis is the chloroplast. The top part of the membrane is freely permeable to molecules. A smooth inner membrane contains many transporters: membrane proteins that regulate the passage in and out of the chloroplast of small molecules like sugars, proteins, etc. Then it leads into a system of thylakoid membranes. 9. The light stage and it occurs in the thylakoid membranes. 10. There are photosystems are driven by the excited chlorophyll molecules. When the electrons are coming to a resting state the photosystems excite them even more, which then produce NADPH. 11. The second part is called the light independent reaction and it occurs in stroma. 12. Molecules are moved and converted in the stroma so that they are prepared for the third part of photosynthesis. The stroma exchanges gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen through the bottom of the leaf. 13. Yes, the light stage produces ATP and NADPH that are needed for the second stage to make CO2. 14. No, because there are a certain amount of things needed for photosynthesis. If something was missing we wouldn’t know exactly how it occurs. It is like a math equation we have to have the information to figure out what equals what. There are intermediate products and they all are not glucose.

Analysis of Yeast Lab
1.5% solution was the best because it had an even amount of sugar. 3% and 10% were kind of outcasts because they are to little or to much concentration. 2.The dependant variable was the yeast and the independent variable was the amount of sugar in each beaker. 3.A warm environment and not to warm and not to cold. A 5% sugar solution was best preferred because it was moist environment and a good sugar concentration. 4.3% had risen the least. 5% seemed to rise the most and 10% was a little more than 3% but less than 5%. 5.alcoholic respiration because yeast undergo fermentation which does not require oxygen.

DNA Model Project
In the first step there is a single DNA molecule which can be then made into two DNA molecules by mitosis or meiosis.

In the next step the DNA molecules hydrogen bonds are broken apart by DNA helicase.

Now you have a left side and a right side of the DNA molecule. The left gets a new right and the right gets a new left.

This shows the two sides merging together to form two strands of DNA. A pairs with T and C pairs with G. DNA polymerase allows the new strands to bond with the original strand.

This is the end product of DNA replication. Two similar strands of DNA are made for mitosis or meiosis.

In DNA replication a single strand of DNA is split through its bonds by DNA helicase. The left and right side each get a strand that matches it such as ACTTGA. The new strand would have to be TGAACT. Left gets a new right and the right gets a new left. They merge together by DNA polymerase to form two exactly alike pairs of DNA strands. In the end we end up with two similar strands of DNA. The process can occur again and you would end up with 4, 8, 16, 32 etc. DNA replication occurs during the interphase stage of mitosis.

Cell Portfolio Project