Otatop

=toc= Shayla Brink Haley Doster Emily Jones Jamie Forsyth

=Types of Cells Activity=

Eukaryote Cell(Jamie)

Eukaryote cells contain complex structures inside the membranes. Eukaryote cells have a nucleus. Most contain other membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, and golgi apparatus. Eukaryote cells can be found in plants, animals, and fungi.

__PROKARYOTIC CELL! __

The prokaryotic cell isn't very complex. It doesn't have necleus, in that's place there is DNA. Bacteria are these kinds of cells, and have a tail for propulsion.

prokaryote cell by shayla brink Prokaryote cells do not have a nucleus. These cells are mostly bacteria.

Haley-Eukaryote Eukaryotes are organisms with complex structures inside the membranes, and it has a nucleus. Eukaryote:



Plant Cell

The Eukaryote differs from the Procaryote because the Eukaryote is found in animals and plants. The Eukaryote also contains a nucleus and more organelles.

Jamie: Prokaryote from Flickr user biology flashcards



Most Prokaryotes are unicellular (consisting of one cell). They unlike eukaryotes do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. The genomes of prokaryotes are held in the nucleoid. Prokarotic cells can be found in bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaebacteria.

Eukaryote-The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus.

Prokaryote-do not have a nucleus Similarities&Differences of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

=Comparing Plants and Animals=

Cheek cell 750 microns

1.) The cheek cells are rounded and it looks like it is folded over. 2.) The cheek cells are the biggest with 750 microns, the onion cell is in the middle with 500 microns, and the Elodea cell is the smallest with 125 microns. The cheek cell is round, the onion cell is a square with rounded corners, and the Elodea cell is square. 3.) My question is, are animal cheek cells the same as human? Animal cells and human cells have many of the same features. For example a nucleus, golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and many more. So yes, they are most likely the same, but probably with small differences.

Onion cell 500 microns 1. The shape of the onion cell is rectangular. The arrangement of the onion cell were in lines across the field of view. 4. The question I have about this activity is after you add the methylene blue is added what happens to the cell? The nucleus is now visible in the cell. []

Elodea Cell: 125 microns

Elodea Cell with salt solution Questions: 1. The onion cells are bigger than the elodea cells. Also the elodea cells seem straighter. They are both plant cells. 2. The cells shriveled up and shrank. The salt in the water dried up the cells. 3. My question is Are there more than one layer of cells or are there several? There is two layers of cells. Sources:@http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1.htm (sixth link down) http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080131162747AAGLu2q

= Cell Inquiry =

The cells of an apple. The cells of an apple. Fruits and Vegetables Cell Lab - Shayla Brink Are fruits and vegetables really made of cells? Fruits and vegetables are made of cells. They are plants, so they have cells. The cells they have are eukaryote cells. For our fruit and vegetable cell lab we needed to bring in some kind of fruit or vegetable to look at and find out if it is composed of cells. I used an apple to look at to decide this. I took a knife and cut a slim piece of apple. I got a microscope to see the cells of the apple. Then I placed the apple on a slide, but I could not see the cells. To make them visible I put dye on the slide, the dye I used was methylene blue. I started looking at the apple on low power, which magnifies 10x. To see the cells through the moto cam, I put the microscope up to high power, which is 40x. After I found the cells on high power and focused them, I set up the moto cam to take pictures. Cells were visible in the apple. This proves that there are cells in fruits and vegetables.

Potato Cell Size= 300 microns





Our Lab procedures. I acquired a knife, and proceeded to cut the potato into thin strips, which we then soaked in a solution of methylene blue, causing the cells to be stained a light blue color. This was used to highlight the cells. After the cutting and the staining of the cells, we then proceeded to place it on the slide at the magnification of 10/0.25. At this point in time, we could, clearly see some sort of bubbles. This was the point at which we knew we saw the cells. This was about the time that I was eating the potato raw, and did a Google search to make sure it wasn’t poisonous. It turns out, they aren’t poisonous unless they are green, and fine to eat otherwise. While Jamie, back at HQ, was taking pictures of the cells. At this point in time, we saw that there were different layers inside of the potato that held cells. We knew they were cells because they had the similar structure as the other plants and animals we have seen in the past. They have huge differences including the fact that potatoes don’t have chlorophyll. Another difference I noticed (Jamie) was that unlike the elodea cells the potato cells are in no specific order. There are some cells I found that also have random cell order.

= Cell Size Lab =

Original Agar:This is the agar before we put it into the sodium hydroxide.

THIS ALGAR IS PINK! It's pink because of the indicator Phenolphthalein in it and the Sodium hydroxide, reacting in the pinkish color.



**This is picture is of the agar after we took it out of the phenolphthalein, that was in the beaker.**



This is a picture of the algar after we took it out of the beaker and cut them open.

= Jamie 's and Emily 's Cell Part Comparison Chart=

Jamie and Emily's chart of cell comparison.

=Shayla and Haley's Cell Comparison Chart=



Shayla and Haley's Cilia and Flagellum comparison chart.

= Cell Transport Lab = //__ Vocab. Glossary __//
 * Diffusion**-The net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient
 * Osmosis**-Passive transport of water
 * Hypotonic**-Lower solute concentration
 * Hypertonic**-Higher solute concentration
 * Isotonic**-Equal solute concentration
 * Solute**-A component of a solution
 * Solvent**-A liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gas
 * Selectively Permeable**-Permeable to only certain molecules and not to all molecules
 * Water Potential**-Energy of water relative to pure water
 * Concentration Gradient -**The gradual difference in the concentration of solutes in solution
 * Plasmolysis**-(plant cells) Plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due t the loss of water through Osmosis
 * Turgor**-The rigid or fullness state of a cell due to high water content
 * Active Transport**-Process of moving particles across a biological membrane
 * Facilitated Diffusion ** - Solute moves down it’s concentration gradient

Diffusion is where there is a movement of a substance from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Osmosis is the movement of a substance from a low concentration to a high concentration. Passive Transport is where it transports a cell across the cell membrane by diffusion. Active Transport is a type of transport where it takes a substance across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient.

Diffusion: This photo was removed due to an error in labeling. The team member with the picture, please re-post it. Thankies. :D The potato before we put it in iodine.

The potato after the it was in the iodine.

Diffusion is where a movement of a substance from a higher to lower concentration. To show diffusion in the experiment, we took a piece of potato that was peeled and put it into a beaker with iodine and water. We waited ten minutes and then took the potato out and saw that diffusion occurred. Where the diffusion was, you could see it was darker from the iodine going into the potato.

Osmosis:

This table shows our data from our experiment. We did a control in which we filled a tube with water weighed it. Filled a beaker with plane water and weighted it. Then we put the tube in the beaker for ten min. We took it out and weighed them both there was no change. We did the same thing but then we added salt in the beaker. After another ten min. We took the tube out and weighed it. It was lighter because some of the water from the tube moved into the beaker because there was less water in it and more salt.

Questions: 1. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and or differences. Diffusion is the process that lest substances from a lower concentration moved to a higher concentration. Osmosis is a process when a substance is able to diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane from a lower to a higher concentration. Diffusion deals with different kinds of materials, osmosis is the diffusion of water. The similarities between the both osmosis and diffusion, are they are examples of passive transport and both occur with the cells. [] [] 2. Diffusion and osmosis are kinds of passive transport. Passive transport is moving molecular substances across the cell membrane with the concentration gradient (uses no energy). Active transport is moving particles across a biological membrane against a concentration gradient it has to use energy. Diffusion and osmosis are considered passive because they don’t use energy. If they did use energy they would have to be categorized as active transport. @http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab1/concepts.html 3.) Passive transport is a type of transport that takes a substance across a cell by diffusion. Active transport is a type of transport that takes proteins or drugs across a cell membrane against the concentration of gradient. Active transport requires energy and passive transport does not. Passive transport is like a rock rolling down a hill. The rock goes down by itself; it doesn’t need any energy to do so. It makes energy instead. A similarity is that they are both used for transporting things throughout the cell and they both need proteins to do that. Sources: [] [] []

4. After performing our own experiment, there were still some questions that hadn’t been fully addressed and still puzzled me. One of the big questions I wanted to know though, was what exactly is the largest thing a cell membrane can move across it? With a little knowledge before hand, and asking a few people, the first thing that came was molecules. The only problem that still vexed me was what kind? Searching the Internet came with out much luck, because of the fact that most of the questions dealing with cell membrane transport did not have to do with the size of the largest, but with how it is accomplished or what osmosis does. So the next thing I tried to get over that problem was a list of all the things a cell could transport. Instead of getting any kind of list or information I was looking for, I came up with more information on cells transporting. Finally I typed in the largest kind of molecule and got a lot of things on Diamonds and space. In a desperate last search I typed in largest organic molecule and finally came up with something worth the searching. Nucleic Acid seems to be the largest thing a cell membrane, on it’s own can move organically. Even though I believe this to be the answer, it’s quite possible that it is wrong, and should be retried and checked again just to make sure. In conclusion, the question I had to further my knowledge was “What is the largest thing a cell membrane can move?” And to the best of my knowledge it turned out to be the organic material, Nucleic Acid. Sources Sited:

[] [] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology] ) (Link above may not work, just type into address bar, Problems with the second Parenthesis.)

=Light Activity:= [] =Respiration Ven-diagram=



Jamie and Emily's

=DNA Forensics=

Blue = Suspect x- DNA 1 Green = Suspect x- DNA 2 Red = Evidence- DNA 1 White = Evidence- DNA 2 Yellow = Suspect 2- DNA 1 Purple = Suspect 2- DNA 2

We came to the conclusion that Suspect 2 did the crime. We believe this way because the DNA structure lines match up the same in Suspect 2 and the Evidence. Suspect 1 did not.

Jamies+Emily



We belive that suspect 2 did it because their DNA matched the evidence found while no other DNA (including that of suspect 1) matched