kes

toc =Group members= EddieA ShannonB KeanishaZ

=Foul Water Lab=




 * 1. What percentage of water did you recover? (how much of your original sample?)**
 * Answer:** We started with 75 mL and ended with 48 mL. We recovered **64%** of the water.


 * 2. Which filtration step lost the most water? Why do you think so?**
 * Answer:** The sand/gravel filter step lost the most water because a lot of it was soaked up.


 * 3. List substances from our homes and nature that must be cleaned from the water. List as many as your group can name.**
 * Answer:** oil, dirt, mercury, iron, pebbles, rust, salt, lead, bacteria, parasites, chlorine...


 * 4. Is it possible to retrieve 100% of water even if mostly clean water is filtered? Why or why not?**
 * Answer:** No because no matter what you will always lose a percentage of water from each step.

= = =Water Sources - Activity A=


 * 1. Which countries are the largest consumers of water?**
 * 1 - Southern Asia #2 - Eastern Asia #3 -** **North America #4 -** **Middle East #5 - Asia Pacific**


 * 2. How is this map different from other world maps? How is displaying the data this way better than a regular chart?**
 * Answer:** It is different than other maps because the countries are not normal sized and they are packed together. Displaying the data this was is better because it shows an estimation of how much water each country uses.


 * 3. Do the countries that use the most water also have the largest populations? Do those that use the least have the least populations? Give two examples for each.That is a false statement because less amount of people can use just as much water as a greater population.**
 * Answer:** No not necessarily because smaller populations can use as much or even more water than bigger populations such as Pittsburgh (vice versa).

=Water Sources= What do we use water for? Generate a list as a group to list all the uses of water by all organisms in all types of areas. Answer: Drinking, general household cleaning, irrigating crops/landscaping, laundry, cooling, dust control, swimming pools, watering lawns and gardens, toilets, bathing and personal hygiene, food preparation, dish washing

Large city: industry, power plants, bathing/showering Small city: industry, power plants, bathing/showering Suburbs: swimming pools, agruculture, bathing/showering Rural areas: swimming pools, gardening, bathing/showering

=Water Sources - Activity B=

Answer:**
 * 1. How much water is found in each of these? Use the chart located on this site: @http://www.swivel.com/graphs/show/20068274 and determine how much water there is in all the places listed above if the total water on the Earth is 1,386,000,000 cubic kilometers.


 * What percent of the total water on Earth is fresh water?**
 * Answer:** 3.7%

What sources of fresh water are found on the surface of the Earth? rivers, swap water, and lakes Which sources can humans most easily obtain their water? rivers To get an idea of the water we can actually use, look at this site: [] Why is this a problem for the human population (and all the other organisms in the world?) because people use to much water and waste water.
 * What percent of the FRESH WATER is found frozen in ice?** 2.2%

=Water sources: Activity C=


 * 1) List what you observe about the movement of water on the Earth and the amounts of water moving in any direction (The size of the arrow represents the amount of water that is moving. i.e. the larger the arrow, the more water moving that direction.) **Answer: That most of the water comes from the ocean**
 * 2) What portions of the water cycle are available for humans to use? **Answer: 579200km**
 * 3) The amount of water on the Earth has stayed the same, but our populations have been increasing rapidly. Is it possible to "run out of water." If not, why is there a problem. **Answer: Yes it would be possible because we are using to much and not conserving it.**
 * 4) Look at the map here @http://soils.usda.gov/use/worldsoils/mapindex/popden.htmland list the areas of the world that are the most populated. Are these areas of the world where there is a lot of water? **Answer: Europe, and Asia. Absolutely not.**

=Water Drainage Picture=





=Google Earth and Our Watershed - Questions=

Answer:** The higher the elevation, the less population there is and the more vast the landforms are.
 * 1.) Start at the largest river in your watershed. Fly backwards to the smaller streams and tributaries. What do you notice about the following as you move from the biggest river to the smallest: elevation, population, landforms?


 * 2.) How has our area changed between 1990 and 2009? Support your answer with screenshots from your computer.**
 * Answer:** Most of the area hasn't changed but the population has increased over the years.


 * 3.) Would it be better to use drainage divides instead of state boundaries to determine who owns water? Why or why not?**
 * Answer:** It would be better to use state boundaries instead of drainage divides because you would be staying in your own state boundary and using your water only and not taking water from others.

=Water PSA=



=Normal Climate=

This shows 5 years of temperature data.

This shows five years of precipitation data. = = =Questions=


 * 1. Do the two five-year graphs provide enough information for you to discover the "normal" temperature and precipitation levels for your region each December? Describe your reasoning.**
 * Answer:** Yes. It gives you the patterns of more than just one year and it gives you more data to use.


 * 2. What other information could you use to characterize the climate?**
 * Answer:** You could use the cooling degree days and warming degree days


 * 3. Choose another 5 year period from any other set of years. How do the temperature and rainfall vary between this time period versus the first one that you looked at?**
 * Answer:** The temperatures are lower and the precipitation is higher.

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=Project Oh Buoy=





Will this year be an el nino year or a la nina year? Find the average temperature for the areas you looked at and then determine whether the temps at your buoys are above or below the normal. For how the SST influences weather patterns, use the following links:
 * Answer:** **El** Niño. The temperatures are **above** normal. There is a 2 degree temperature average difference in all of the graphs.

What weather predictions can you then make for this year? **Answer:** There will be less storms and this winter will be warmer than average with less snow than years before. **Reasoning:** This is because El Niño because has four prominent changes in the wintertime that come into North America, which is where we are located.

=Climate Change Research=


 * Greenhouse Effect (link: click [|here]**)
 * Greenhouse gases keep the surface of the Earth warm so we can live here.
 * In the 1700's, people began producing too much greenhouse gases.
 * Too many fossil fuels were burned--for factories, cars, trucks, power plants and planes--which added to our natural supply of greenhouse gases.
 * These gases stay in the atmosphere for at least fifty years (even centuries).
 * They are exceeding Earth's capacity, which is creating a thick heat blanket around our planet.
 * Earth has heated up about degree Fahrenheit over the last 100 years, even worse over the past 20 years.
 * One degree Fahrenheit doesn't seem like much but actually is!

Less expensive ways:**
 * Most & Least Expensive Ways of Reducing Global Warming (link: click [|here])
 * ALL WAYS HAVE POTENTIAL PROBLEMS THAT COULD BE A THREAT TO EARTH!
 * Spraying ozone-depleting aerosols into the atmosphere again (it could possibly have catastrophic weather changes in different locations)
 * Create clouds by blowing salt into the air because clouds protect earth from overheating


 * More expensive ways:**
 * Creating a giant air filter (like HEPA filters used in homes and offices) to remove carbon dioxide from the air
 * Build a better tree (one that could capture even more carbon dioxide)


 * Benefits to Global Warming (Link: http://www.heartland.org/policybot/results/13860/Special_Report_Global_Warming_Benefits_May_Exceed_Risks.html)****:**
 * Warmer Winters are better for us. They will produce less ise and snow for drivers. People will not have to invest in heavy winter coats, snow boots, etc. as much as usual. Warmer climate will also reduce heating bills.
 * The carbon dioxide (CO2) that we put into the atmosphere is actually good for plants. They absorb carbon dioxide and emit oxygen. Researchers have shown that mostly all plants will do better in a CO2-rich environment. They prefer warmer winters and nights. If there is a warmer world, there would be longer growing seasons.
 * Warmer weather is healthier. Researchers say that a warmer world would inflict tropical diseases on Americans. Those diseases (malaria, cholera, and yellow fever)--were widespread U.S. in the colder 19th century. A warmer world would be a healthier for Americans and decrease the number of deaths in the U.S. by about 40,000 a year.

=Air Pollution - Activity 4= 1) Asbestos – 2) Biological Pollutants – 3) Carbon Monoxide - 4) Formaldehyde/Pressed wood products -
 * a) what causes these – a set of 6 naturally occurring silicate minerals exploited commercially for their desirable properties. They all have long fibrous crystals.
 * b) What heath effects are caused by it – malignant lung cancer and mesothelioma, chrysotile asbestos forms tumors in animals, causes you to become ill if inhaled to much.
 * c) What can be done to reduce the amount of these indoors – It was banned from being made in the European Union on January 1, 2005. Do not cut or rip asbestos containing products. When cleaning the product up hire a professional contractor
 * a) plants (pollen), animals (dander), mice and rats (urine), droppings and body parts from cockroaches.
 * b) Asthma, allergic reactions such as sneezing, coughing, watery eyes, shortness of breath, dizziness, lethargy, and fever.
 * c) By controlling the relative humidity in your home. Keep it at 30-50% (recommended) ventilate your crawl spaces and attics. Thoroughly clean and dry water-damaged carpets in building materials within 24 hours if possible or just remove and replace it.
 * a) Unvented kerosene and gas space heaters, leaking chimneys and furnaces, gas water heaters, wood stoves, fireplaces, gas stoves, generators and other gasoline equipment, automobile exhaust from attached garages, and tobacco smoke.
 * b) low concentrations: fatigue in healthy people and chest pain in people with heart disease. Higher concentrations: impaired vision and coordination, headaches, dizziness, confusion, and nausea. Can cause flu like symptoms that clear up after leaving your home.
 * c) keep gas appliances properly adjusted, consider purchasing a vented space heater, use proper fuel in kerosene space heaters, install and use and exhaust fan vented to outdoors, open flues when fireplace is in use, have a trained professional inspect, clean and tune up central heating system annually, do not idle car in garage.
 * a) building materials, smoking, household products and the use of un-vented fuel burning appliances.
 * b) watery eyes, burning sensation in eyes and throat, nausea, and difficulty breathing.
 * c) use ‘exterior-grade’ pressed wood products, use air conditioning and humidifiers, increase ventilation

 **What causes these pollutants? **  **Answer: ** Secondhand smoke (also called environmental tobacco smoke) is the combination of sidestream smoke (the smoke that is given off by the burning end of a tobacco product) and mainstream smoke (the smoke that is exhaled by the smoker).  **What health effects are caused by these pollutants?**  **Answer: ** There is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke. More than 50 of the chemical found in secondhand smoke have been found to cause cancer. Secondhand smoke causes lung cancer in nonsmokers. It also causes heart disease in adults and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), ear infections, and asthma attacks in children and much more.  **What can be done to reduce the amount of these pollutants indoors? Answer:** State and federal authorities have enacted public policies to protect people from secondhand smoke. Smoking has been banned in most public places. Many have passed clean indoor air laws in recent years. If someone in your house smokes, you could leave the room or ask them to go smoke outside or somewhere else.
 * 5) Secondhand Smoke/Environmental Tobacco Smoke**

**What causes these pollutants?** **Answer:** Combustion gases and particles come from chimneys and flues when they are improperly installed or maintained and cracked furnace heat exchangers. Pollutants from fireplaces and woodstoves with no dedicated outdoor air supply can be "back-drafted" from the chimney into the living space. This particularly happens in weatherized homes. The major pollutants released are carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particles. Unvented kerosene heaters may also generate acid aerosols. Answer: Particles released when fuels are incompletely burned can lodge in the lungs and irritate or damage lung tissue. Other particles cause cancer and many other problems. Carbon monoxide cause headaches, dizziness, weakness, nausea, confusion, and disorientation, fatigue and increased chest pain in people with chronic heart disease. Nitrogen dioxide increases the risk of respiratory infection and other problems. ** Answer : Take special precautions when operating fuel-burning unvented space heaters. Install and use exhaust fans over gas cooking stoves and ranges. Also keep the burners properly adjusted. Keep woodstove emissions to a minimum. Choose properly sized new stoves that are certified as meeting EPA emission standards. Many other things can be done to reduce these pollutants. **
 * 6) Stoves, Heaters, Fireplaces, and Chimneys**
 * What health effects are caused by these pollutants?
 * What can be done to reduce the amount of these pollutants indoors?

Volatile Organic Compounds **What causes these pollutants?** **Answer:** They are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids from paints, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids, graphics and craft materials, glues and adhesives, permanent markers, photographic solutions and hundreds more. **What health effects are caused by these pollutants? Answer:** Nose, eye, and throat irritation, headaches, un-coordination, nausea, damage to kidney and central nervous system are a few. Some can cause cancer in animals and some are suspected or known to cause cancer in humans. **What can be done to reduce the amount of these pollutants indoors? Answer:** Use household products according to manufacturer's directions, make sure you provide plenty of fresh air when using these products, throw away unused or little-used containers safely and buy in quantities that you will use soon keep out of reach of children and pets are a few.

Respirable Particles **What causes these pollutants?** **Answer:** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 25px;">**What health effects are caused by these pollutants? Answer:** <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**What can be done to reduce the amount of these pollutants indoors? Answer:**

Lead- 1. Through air, drinking, water, food, contaminated soil, deteriorating paint, and dust · 2. Can effect all systems in the body. Lead at high levels can cause convulsions, coma, and even death. · 3. Reduce the amount of lead by not using as many things that have lead in them. Like lead based paint

Nitrogen Dioxide- 1. Kerosene heaters, un-vented gas stoves and heaters, environmental tobacco smoke 2. eye, nose, and throat irritation. May cause impaired lung function and increased respiratory infection 3. get a vented gas stove, try to reduce the amount of environmental smoke that you are around

Pesticides- 1. Are classed as semi-volatile organic compounds and include a variety of chemicals in various forms. It is used to control pest.(like insects and rodents) · 2. Irritation to eye, nose, throat, damage to central nervous system and kidney; increased rick of cancer. The symptoms may include dizziness, nausea, headache, and muscular weakness · 3. Try to not be around it as much

Radon- 1. · 2. Can cause lung cancer in non-smokers · 3.

=Air Pollution - Activity 5= What are the sources of indoor air pollution? = = Where does particulate pollution come from?
 * Parking lot sealer - comes in on our shoes, goes air borne and attaches onto dust and we breathe it in.
 * Humans generate huge quantities of particulate matter that is regulated - from smoke stacks at factories to power plants and auto paint shops.
 * Many sources that are not regulated, your home and vehicles are just a few.
 * Burning coal or wood in your home, regulating dust in your yard, and a lot of dust can be released during renovation if not checked.
 * It can come from many sources.
 * Any activity that involves burning of materials.
 * Any dust generating activities.
 * gas powered lawn movers
 * cars and SUVs
 * leaf blowers and weed whackers.

=Junkyard Project= = = = =